First record of Chalara fraxinea in Finland and genetic variation among isolates sampled from Åland, mainland Finland, Estonia and Latvia

Rytkönen, Anna; Lilja, Arja; Drenkhan, Rein; Gaitnieks, T.; Hantula, Jarkko

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00647.x

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It was observed by Kirisits et al (2009) who showed that conidia did not germinate on MEA, V8 agar or on agar medium containing an extract from ash leaves that stimulated mycelial growth. Also, Rytkönen et al (2010) observed a large proportion of haplotypes (14 among 32 isolates) and high genetic variability of fungus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability of Chalara fraxinea, dieback cause of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)

2010

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A total of 159 colonies of Chalara fraxinea were isolated between 2005 and 2006 from dying trees of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) aged between 3 and 10 years. They derived from five regions of Poland differing by geographic location and climatic conditions. On the basis of 90 RAMS markers, pathogen intra-and inter-population variability, as well as its dependency on geographic distance and climatic conditions in the regions of strain origin, was analysed. The applied measures of intrapopulation genetic variability (genetic distance, Nei's unbiased diversity, Shannon's Information Index and percentage of polymorphic loci) allowed for differentiation of two strain groups: the first deriving from lowlands and the second from uplands and mountainous areas. Strains in lowlands were characterised by smaller number of markers, smaller number of polymorphic loci and smaller intrapopulation genetic variability. Positive and statistically significant correlation was shown between variability of isolates and elevation of regions above sea level. Pair-wise genetic distances between groups of isolates (Nei's unbiased genetic distance) from particular regions were not significantly correlated with the corresponding geographic distances. On the basis of AMOVA, it was shown that 85% of variability was within-region differences and 2% betweenregion differences, whereas differences between lowlands and uplands were 13%. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the investigated regions confirmed the results from Nei's genetic distance matrix.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability of Chalara fraxinea, dieback cause of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.)

2010

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“…For example, there is genetic evidence that some ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) in Denmark are resistant against the emerging fungal pathogen Chalara fraxinea (McKinney et al 2011;Kjaer et al 2012), which is now reported to cause ash dieback throughout Europe, from Poland to France and from Sweden to Switzerland (Bengtsson et al 2012;Gross et al 2012). For this pathosystem, there are also data on the genetic variability of the pathogen in lowland vs. highland Poland (Kraj et al 2012) and in the Åland islands, mainland Finland, Estonia and Latvia (Rytkönen et al 2011). Although there is increasing attention to the patterns in species genetic diversity across landscapes and distributional ranges (including studies of plant fungal pathogens, e.g.…”

Section: Interdisciplinarity Stakeholder Involvement and Trade-offsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of climate change on plant diseases—opinions and trends

et al. 2012

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There has been a remarkable scientific output on the topic of how climate change is likely to affect plant diseases. This overview addresses the need for review of this burgeoning literature by summarizing opinions of previous reviews and trends in recent studies on the impacts of climate change on plant health. Sudden Oak Death is used as an introductory case study: Californian forests could become even more susceptible to this emerging plant disease, if spring precipitations will be accompanied by warmer temperatures, although climate shifts may also affect the current synchronicity between host cambium activity and pathogen colonization rate. A summary of observed and predicted climate changes, as well as of direct effects of climate change on pathosystems, is provided. Prediction and management of climate change effects on plant health are complicated by indirect effects and the interactions with global change drivers. Uncertainty in models of plant disease development under climate change calls for a diversity of management strategies, from more participatory approaches to interdisciplinary science. Involvement of stakeholders and scientists from outside plant pathology shows the importance of trade-offs, for example in the land-sharing vs. sparing debate. Further research is needed on climate change and plant health in mountain, boreal, Mediterranean and tropical regions, with multiple climate change factors and scenarios (including our responses to it, e.g. the assisted migration of plants), in relation to endophytes, viruses and mycorrhiza, using long-term and large-scale datasets and considering various plant disease control methods.Keywords Adaptive ecosystem management . Biotic interactions . Landscape pathology . Phytophthora ramorum . Plant disease epidemiology . Tree fungal pathogens Up to the 1990s, there was little information about climate change impacts on plant disease. For example, Eur J Plant Pathol

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“…During recent years the fungus has spread across Europe from east to west (Kowalski & Holdenrieder, 2009). Ash dieback was first noticed in the 1990s in Poland (Kowalski & Holdenrieder, 2009) and has subsequently been reported in Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kaliningrad (Russia), Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland (Kirisits et al, 2009, Ogris et al, 2010, Rytkönen et al, 2010 (Kirisits et al, 2009). Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%