First record of a natural hexaploid population for <i>Valeriana officinalis</i>: genome size is confirmed to be a suitable indicator of ploidy level in the species

Hidalgo, Oriane; Vallès, Joan

doi:10.1080/00087114.2012.740193

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…V . officinalis is known to have variable genome sizes and ploidy levels between different populations varying from 2x to 8x [ 87 , 88 ], suggesting a possible explanation for the sources of the observed intraspecific diversity. Another possible explanation is polymorphism, paralogy, or pseudogenes reported for nrDNA of some angiosperms [ 89 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Authentication of Herbal Supplements Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Ivanova¹,

Kuzmina²,

Braukmann³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

100

141

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BackgroundDNA-based testing has been gaining acceptance as a tool for authentication of a wide range of food products; however, its applicability for testing of herbal supplements remains contentious.MethodsWe utilized Sanger and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for taxonomic authentication of fifteen herbal supplements representing three different producers from five medicinal plants: Echinacea purpurea, Valeriana officinalis, Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Experimental design included three modifications of DNA extraction, two lysate dilutions, Internal Amplification Control, and multiple negative controls to exclude background contamination. Ginkgo supplements were also analyzed using HPLC-MS for the presence of active medicinal components.ResultsAll supplements yielded DNA from multiple species, rendering Sanger sequencing results for rbcL and ITS2 regions either uninterpretable or non-reproducible between the experimental replicates. Overall, DNA from the manufacturer-listed medicinal plants was successfully detected in seven out of eight dry herb form supplements; however, low or poor DNA recovery due to degradation was observed in most plant extracts (none detected by Sanger; three out of seven–by NGS). NGS also revealed a diverse community of fungi, known to be associated with live plant material and/or the fermentation process used in the production of plant extracts. HPLC-MS testing demonstrated that Ginkgo supplements with degraded DNA contained ten key medicinal components.ConclusionQuality control of herbal supplements should utilize a synergetic approach targeting both DNA and bioactive components, especially for standardized extracts with degraded DNA. The NGS workflow developed in this study enables reliable detection of plant and fungal DNA and can be utilized by manufacturers for quality assurance of raw plant materials, contamination control during the production process, and the final product. Interpretation of results should involve an interdisciplinary approach taking into account the processes involved in production of herbal supplements, as well as biocomplexity of plant-plant and plant-fungal biological interactions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Authentication of Herbal Supplements Using Next-Generation Sequencing

Ivanova¹,

Kuzmina²,

Braukmann³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

100

141

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“…2). In addition, there are two reports of hexaploid V. officinalis (Heuberger et al 2012, Hidalgo & Vallčs 2012, confirming that individuals of intermediate ploidy level occur sporadically in natural populations. These deviant ploidy levels are expected from occasional interploidy crosses or non-reduction of gametes.…”

Section: Frequencies Of Cytotypes Of Deviant Ploidy and Of Aneuploidsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Variation in genome size in the Valeriana officinalis complex resulting from multiple chromosomal evolutionary processes

Bressler¹,

Klatte-Asselmeyer²,

Fischer³

et al. 2017

Preslia

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Polyploidy, aneuploidy and change in DNA content of monoploid genomes or chromosomes are the principal causes of the variation in genome size. We studied these phenomena in central-European populations of the Valeriana officinalis complex in order to identify mechanisms or forces driving its evolution. The complex comprises di-, tetra-and octoploid morphologically defined so-called taxonomic "types". Within the study area there are also intermediate "transitional types" the existence of which hampers the application of traditional taxonomic concepts. We thus chose AFLP genotyping and admixture analyses to identify the genetic structuring of the material studied. Di-(2x), tetra-(4x) and octoploidy (8x) were confirmed as major ploidy levels. Major genetic clusters roughly corresponded to these ploidy levels (for K = 2: 2x-and 8x-clusters, for K = 4 with nearly identical probability: 2x-, 4x-, 8x-and unspecific clusters were identified), which further more significantly differed from each other in monoploid absolute genome size (mean 1Cx for 2x = 1.48 pg, 4x 1.29 pg, 8x 1.10 pg). Several individuals of all ploidy levels were admixed, particularly tetraploids. Relative genome size (the sample: standard DAPI fluorescence) was positively correlated with the proportion of the diploid genetic cluster shared by the tetraploids, indicating that hybridization caused the variation in genome size. This result is in accordance with the significant negative correlation of the genome size of tetraploids with their geographic distance to the diploids. However, remarkable intra-ploidy variation in relative genome size was recorded for all ploidy levels (1.14-fold in diploids, 1.28-fold in tetraploids, 1.19-fold in octoploids). We identified aneuploidy as an additional source of variation in genome size in the di-and tetraploids. The contribution of extra chromosomes to absolute genome size exceeded the observed variation within euploids in the diploids, whereas it was included in the regular variability in genome size recorded for the eutetraploids. Variation in monoploid genome size was recorded in polyploids but not in diploids, indicating that polyploids experienced higher dynamics in the evolution of their genomes. Finally, 38.0-63.2% of the total intra-ploidy variation in relative genome size occurred within populations. In conclusion, the Valeriana officinalis complex provides an example of variation in genome size due to four principal evolutionary forces: polyploidization, change in chromosome number and in DNA content of chromosomes and (secondarily) hybridization, but their relative importance differed among ploidy levels. Although the stability in the size of the monoploid genome in species is considered to be the standard case, we found great variability within populations suggesting that genome size is variable even within narrowly defined taxa.

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“…As it has been widely reported, genome size is a very good indicator of ploidy level Garcia et al 2008;Pellicer et al 2010b;Hidalgo and Vallès 2012). …”

Section: Genome Size and Ploidy Levelmentioning

confidence: 97%