First record for the slug parasitic nematode,<i>Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita</i>(Schneider) in Egypt

Genena, Marwa; Mostafa, Fatma; Fouly, A. H.; Yousef, A. A.

doi:10.1080/03235400903057662

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The genus Phasmarhabditis contains 11 species: P. hermaphrodita , P. apuliae , P. papillosa , P. neopapillosa , P. valida , P. nidrosiensis , P. californica , P. tawfiki , P. bonaquaense , P. bohemica and P. huizhouensis (Andrássy, 1983; Hooper et al , 1999; Azzam, 2003; Tandingan De Ley et al , 2014, 2016; Huang et al , 2015; Nermut et al , 2016a, b, 2017). Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and other Phasmarhabditis species have been isolated from slugs from around the world, including the UK (Wilson et al , 1993; this study), Germany (Schneider, 1859; Mengert, 1953), France (Maupas, 1900; Coupland, 1995), Iran (Karimi et al , 2003), Egypt (Azzam, 2003; Genena et al , 2011), Norway (Ross et al , 2016), Chile (France & Gerding, 2000), New Zealand (Wilson et al , 2012), South Africa (Ross et al , 2012; Pieterse et al , 2017a, b), China (Huang et al , 2015), Japan (Waki, 2017), Italy (Nermut et al , 2016a) and the Czech Republic (Nermut et al , 2010, 2016b, 2017), and P. californica has been found in the USA (Tandingan De Ley et al , 2016), Ireland (Carnaghi et al , 2017) and Wales (this study). From these studies it is apparent that members of the Phasmarhabditis genus have a cosmopolitan distribution and are very easy to isolate from gastropod hosts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Development ofPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(and members of thePhasmarhabditisgenus) as new genetic model nematodes to study the genetic basis of parasitism

Andrus

Rae

2018

J. Helminthol.

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The genetic mechanisms of how free-living nematodes evolved into parasites are unknown. Current genetic model nematodes (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans) are not well suited to provide the answer, and mammalian parasites are expensive and logistically difficult to maintain. Here we propose the terrestrial gastropod parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a new alternative to study the evolution of parasitism, and outline the methodology of how to keep P. hermaphrodita in the lab for genetic experiments. We show that P. hermaphrodita (and several other Phasmarhabditis species) are easy to isolate and identify from slugs and snails from around the UK. We outline how to make isogenic lines using 'semi-natural' conditions to reduce in-lab evolution, and how to optimize growth using nematode growth media (NGM) agar and naturally isolated bacteria. We show that P. hermaphrodita is amenable to forward genetics and that unc and sma mutants can be generated using formaldehyde mutagenesis. We also detail the procedures needed to carry out genetic crosses. Furthermore, we show natural variation within our Phasmarhabditis collection, with isolates displaying differences in survival when exposed to high temperatures and pH, which facilitates micro and macro evolutionary studies. In summary, we believe that this genetically amenable parasite that shares many attributes with C. elegans as well as being in Clade 5, which contains many animal, plant and arthropod parasites, could be an excellent model to understand the genetic basis of parasitism in the Nematoda.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Development ofPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(and members of thePhasmarhabditisgenus) as new genetic model nematodes to study the genetic basis of parasitism

Andrus

Rae

2018

J. Helminthol.

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“…The P. hermaphrodita strain that became Nemaslug1 was isolated in Bristol, England [18]. With increased interest in this potential biocontrol there has been increased surveying efforts; P. hermaphrodita has also been discovered in Chile [27], Iran [28], Egypt [29], and more recently in New Zealand [30,31] and the west coast of North America [32,33]. It remains unclear, however, whether these reported observations of P. hermaphrodita in non-European locations constitute previously unknown natural populations of the species, or instead resulted from the introduction of Nemaslug1.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With increased interest in this potential biocontrol there has been increased surveying efforts; P . hermaphrodita has also been discovered in Chile [ 27 ], Iran [ 28 ], Egypt [ 29 ], and more recently in New Zealand [ 30 , 31 ] and the west coast of North America [ 32 , 33 ]. It remains unclear, however, whether these reported observations of P .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic evidence for the invasion of a commercialized European Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita lineage into North America and New Zealand

Howe

Colton

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Biological control (biocontrol) as a component of pest management strategies reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals, and seemingly offers a natural approach that minimizes environmental impact. However, introducing a new organism to new environments as a classical biocontrol agent can have broad and unanticipated biodiversity effects and conservation consequences. Nematodes are currently used in a variety of commercial biocontrol applications, including the use of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as an agent targeting pest slug and snail species. This species was originally discovered in Germany, and is generally thought to have European origins. P. hermaphrodita is sold under the trade name Nema-slug®, and is available only in European markets. However, this nematode species was discovered in New Zealand and the western United States, though its specific origins remained unclear. In this study, we analyzed 45 nematode strains representing eight different Phasmarhabditis species, collected from nine countries around the world. A segment of nematode mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Our mtDNA phylogenies were overall consistent with previous analyses based on nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) loci. The recently discovered P. hermaphrodita strains in New Zealand and the United States had mtDNA haplotypes nearly identical to that of Nemaslug®, and these were placed together in an intraspecific monophyletic clade with high support in maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. We also examined bacteria that co-cultured with the nematode strains isolated in Oregon, USA, by analyzing 16S rRNA sequences. Eight different bacterial genera were found to associate with these nematodes, though Moraxella osloensis, the bacteria species used in the Nemaslug® formulation, was not detected.

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“…Nemaslug ® has a number of potential markets outside Europe, with studies documenting the presence of P. hermaphrodita in Egypt (Genena et al , 2011), Iran (Karimi et al , 2003), Chile (France & Gerding, 2000), New Zealand (Wilson et al ., 2012) and the USA (Tandingan De Ley et al ., 2014) (fig. 1).…”

Section: Phasmarhabditis Hermaphroditamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nematodes that associate with terrestrial molluscs as definitive hosts, includingPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) and its development as a biological molluscicide

2016

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Terrestrial molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) are important economic pests worldwide, causing extensive damage to a variety of crop types, and posing a health risk to both humans and wildlife. Current knowledge indicates that there are eight nematode families that associate with molluscs as definitive hosts, including Agfidae, Alaninematidae, Alloionematidae, Angiostomatidae, Cosmocercidae, Diplogastridae, Mermithidae and Rhabditidae. To date, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859) Andrássy, 1983 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is the only nematode that has been developed as a biological molluscicide. The nematode, which was commercially released in 1994 by MicroBio Ltd, Littlehampton, UK (formally Becker Underwood, now BASF) under the tradename Nemaslug®, is now sold in 15 different European countries. This paper reviews nematodes isolated from molluscs, with specially detailed information on the life cycle, host range, commercialization, natural distribution, mass production and field application of P. hermaphrodita.

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First record for the slug parasitic nematode,Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(Schneider) in Egypt

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

Development ofPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(and members of thePhasmarhabditisgenus) as new genetic model nematodes to study the genetic basis of parasitism

Development ofPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(and members of thePhasmarhabditisgenus) as new genetic model nematodes to study the genetic basis of parasitism

Phylogenetic evidence for the invasion of a commercialized European Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita lineage into North America and New Zealand

Nematodes that associate with terrestrial molluscs as definitive hosts, includingPhasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) and its development as a biological molluscicide

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