Given their natural abundance and thermodynamic stability,
fluoride salts may appear as evolving components of electrochemical
interfaces in Li-ion batteries and emergent multivalent ion cells.
This is due to the practice of employing electrolytes with fluorine-containing
species (salt, solvent, or additives) that electrochemically decompose
and deposit on the electrodes. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy
(XAS) can probe the electrode–electrolyte interface with a
single-digit nanometer depth resolution and offers a wealth of insights
into the evolution and Coulombic efficiency or degradation of prototype
cells, provided that the spectra can be reliably interpreted in terms
of local oxidation state, atomic coordination, and electronic structure
about the excited atoms. To this end, we explore fluorine K-edge XAS
of mono- (Li, Na, and K) and di-valent (Mg, Ca, and Zn) fluoride salts
from a theoretical standpoint and discover a surprising level of detailed
electronic structure information about these materials despite the
relatively predictable oxidation state and ionicity of the fluoride
anion and the metal cation. Utilizing a recently developed many-body
approach based on the ΔSCF method, we calculate the XAS using
density functional theory and experimental spectral profiles are well
reproduced despite some experimental discrepancies in energy alignment
within the literature, which we can correct for in our simulations.
We outline a general methodology to explain shifts in the main XAS
peak energies in terms of a simple exciton model and explain line-shape
differences resulting from the mixing of core-excited states with
metal d character (for K and Ca specifically). Given
ultimate applications to evolving interfaces, some understanding of
the role of surfaces and their terminations in defining new spectral
features is provided to indicate the sensitivity of such measurements
to changes in interfacial chemistry.