Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to discuss literature and empirical evidence on regulatory independence especially in telecommunications and to suggest reforms of this institution.Design/methodology/approach -The paper comprises a survey of the literature plus new empirical evidence on de facto independence. Findings -The study finds that independence has a positive and significant, but modest, impact on network penetration, once de facto issues and endogeneity are taken into account.Research limitations/implications -De facto independence can only be superficially approached with quantitative methods and the instruments used to correct for endogeneity are far from perfect.Practical implications -Regulatory agencies may find ways to improve their effectiveness.Social implications -The paper provides ideas on how to solve the dilemma between expertise and accountability in the particular field of telecommunications regulation.Originality/value -The paper provides data about the vulnerability of independent regulation in telecommunications in Latin America until 2010.