To enhance the performance of the traditional speed control system for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) and eliminate the adverse effects of concentrated disturbances within the system, a novel fast exponential convergence law is proposed for the velocity loop. In addition, an improved extended state observer is designed to create a composite sliding mode controller for achieving robust control of PMSM speed regulation. This strategy builds upon the conventional exponential convergence law by incorporating a power function into the sliding mode surface and using a saturation function to replace the traditional signum function. Ultimately, an integral sliding mode surface is employed in designing the velocity loop sliding mode controller. To address issues related to load disturbances, the new convergence law is integrated into the traditional sliding mode controller, along with the design of an improved extended state observer that provides feedforward compensation for disturbance information within the velocity loop sliding mode controller. Simulation results demonstrate that this control strategy effectively enhances system control precision, robustness, and dynamic performance while mitigating chattering associated with sliding mode control.