First occurrence of Diaphorina citri in East Africa, characterization of the Ca. Liberibacter species causing huanglongbing (HLB) in Tanzania, and potential further spread of D. citri and HLB in Africa and Europe

Shimwela, Mpoki; Narouei‐Khandan, Hossein A.; Halbert, Susan E.; Keremane, Manjunath L.; Minsavage, Gerald V.; Timilsina, Sujan; Massawe, Deogracious Protas; Jones, Jeffrey B.; Bruggen, A.H.C. van

doi:10.1007/s10658-016-0921-y

Cited by 69 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Specifically, the precipitation of the wettest month had the highest contribution to the habitat suitability of Liberibacter, while the annual mean temperature was the most important variable when considered in combination with other variables. These results are in agreement with a previous study that showed that optimal and limiting temperature conditions for HLB depend on rainfall (Shimwela et al, 2016). Also, the vector D. citri is heat‐tolerant and survives in tropical and subtropical climates.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The authors also pointed to central and south‐eastern parts of Africa as highly suitable for HLB. Our results concur with a previous study highlighting areas in West Africa as highly suitable for HLB, also based on habitat suitability of the vector, as obtained from a multimodel framework (Shimwela et al, 2016). The differences in the predictions between the current and future distributions showed clear variations between the distributions under the moderate and extreme scenarios, and overall, the extreme scenario showed an increased distribution of the disease.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Habitat suitability and distribution potential of Liberibacter species (“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus”) associated with citrus greening disease

Ajene

Khamis

Asch

et al. 2020

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim To quantify current and predict future distribution of the citrus greening pathogens “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las) in Africa and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus” (Laf) globally. Location Africa. Methods Three species distribution models (MaxEnt, BIOCLIM and Boosted Regression Trees) were used to predict the current and future potential distribution of Las in Africa, and the potential global distribution of Laf, using long‐term bioclimatic variables. Two climate change scenarios (moderate and extreme) were employed to determine how future climate alterations may affect the potential distribution of Las in Africa. Presence data from global reports of Las, as well as the new positional points obtained in this survey, were used to predict the habitat suitability of the pathogen in Africa, while the presence data points of Laf were used to predict the global habitat suitability. Testing data comprised 25% of the presence only points. Results Consensus of the three models predicted a potential distribution of Las in large areas of Western, Eastern and sub‐Saharan Africa. North Africa was mostly unsuitable for Las, except for the northern fringes. The potential distribution of Laf included South and Central America, Asia and Australia. In Europe, the United Kingdom and the Iberian Peninsula showed marginal suitability for Laf. The projections under the future climate change scenarios showed an increase in the Laf habitat suitability hotspots under the extreme scenario. Main conclusions This study highlights the potential establishment and distribution in Africa of Las‐associated Huanglongbing and globally for Laf‐associated with African citrus greening disease. The ensemble modelling approach for the distribution of plant pathogens is a valuable tool for the development of strategies for crop protection. These results constitute an early alert for citrus‐producing regions that should inform strategies for surveillance and preventive management against the invasion and spread of this destructive disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Habitat suitability and distribution potential of Liberibacter species (“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus”) associated with citrus greening disease

Ajene

Khamis

Asch

et al. 2020

Diversity and Distributions

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“…Citrus farms in Kilifi County were not infested by ACT, possibly because of the prevailing high temperatures as reported above. However, these areas are perfectly suitable for D. citri , ACT's Asian counterpart, which is more adapted to warmer climates as shown in recent invasions in Kenya and Tanzania (Rwomushana et al, ; Shimwela et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, degree of damage and risk of spread of Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Kenya

Aidoo

Tanga

Mohamed

et al. 2019

J Applied Entomology

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The African citrus triozid (ACT), Trioza erytreae Del Guercio, is a destructive pest particularly on citrus, and vectors, “Candidatus” Liberibacter africanus (CLaf), which is the causal agent of the African citrus greening disease. Our study seeks to establish the distribution and host‐plant relationship of ACT across citrus production areas in Kenya. We also modelled the risk of spread using the maximum entropy modelling algorithm with known occurrence data. Our results infer that ACT is widely distributed and causes severe damage to four alternative host plants belonging to the family Rutaceae. The adults, immature stages (eggs and nymphs), galls and the percentage of infested leaves were significantly higher in shaded than unshaded trees. However, adult ACTs preferred Kenyan highlands to Victoria Lake and coastal regions. The average area under the curve of the model predictions was 0.97, indicating an optimal model performance. The environmental variables that most influenced the prediction were the precipitation of wettest quarter, precipitation of wettest month, mean diurnal range, temperature seasonality and mean temperature of the coldest quarter. The current prediction of ACT exceeded its existing range, especially in the Western, Nyanza, Central, Rift valley and Eastern regions of Kenya. The model predicted a contraction of suitable habitats for a potential spread in 2040 with an inland shift to higher altitudes in the cooler regions. The potential for further expansion to climatically suitable areas was more pronounced for the 2080 forecast. These findings provide relevant information to improve monitoring/surveillance and designing IPM strategies to limit its spread and damage.

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“…Diaphorina citri is reported to be adapted to tropical and subtropical thermo‐climates, and this wide range of thermal fitness has allowed D. citri to successfully invade and spread around the world. Diaphorina citri is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asian countries, and is now also found in South, Central and North America, and East Africa . The biodiversity within D. citri from several regions has been identified through sequencing the mitochondrial COI gene, and using markers in the D. citri endosymbiont, Wolbachia wDi .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its primary endosymbiont, ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’: an evolutionary approach to host–endosymbiont interaction

Wang

Beattie

Islam

et al. 2018

Pest Management Science

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This study provides evidence for the co-diversification of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P-endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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First occurrence of Diaphorina citri in East Africa, characterization of the Ca. Liberibacter species causing huanglongbing (HLB) in Tanzania, and potential further spread of D. citri and HLB in Africa and Europe

Cited by 69 publications

References 38 publications

Habitat suitability and distribution potential of Liberibacter species (“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus”) associated with citrus greening disease

Habitat suitability and distribution potential of Liberibacter species (“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” and “Candidatus Liberibacter africanus”) associated with citrus greening disease

Distribution, degree of damage and risk of spread of Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Kenya

Phylogeography of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its primary endosymbiont, ‘Candidatus Carsonella ruddii’: an evolutionary approach to host–endosymbiont interaction

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