First molecular detection of Pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides gray, 1834)

Riebold, D.; Lubig, Jacob; Wolf, Peter H.; Wolf, Carola; Russow, Kati; Loebermann, Micha; Slevogt, Hortense; Möhr, E.; Feldhusen, F.; Reisinger, Emil C.

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101531

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Examination of samples from other Canidae revealed only low Pneumocystis loads in two wolves in our study. In a molecular-biological study, a prevalence of 46.8% was described in red foxes from Germany [ 11 ], whereas an older study only reported a prevalence of 16.7% in Danish red foxes after cytological examination of impression smears [ 7 ]. One single red fox was included in the present study, and it was negative for the fungus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…have been found in the lungs of a wide variety of mammals [ 1 , 4 ]. Members of the mammal orders Artiodactyla [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], Carnivora [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], Chiroptera [ 14 ], Eulipotyphla [ 7 , 15 , 16 ], Perissodactyla [ 17 ], Primates [ 18 ], and the clade Glires consisting of the orders Lagomorpha and Rodentia [ 19 , 20 ] have been investigated during the last decades. Nevertheless, depending on the study focus, different Pneumocystis detection methods have been used, making the comparison of data difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species

Weissenbacher‐Lang

Blasi

Bauer

et al. 2023

JoF

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Pneumocystis spp. are thought to adapt to the lungs of potentially all mammals. However, the full host range, fungal burden and severity of infection are unknown for many species. In this study, lung tissue samples originating from 845 animals of 31 different families of eight mammal orders were screened by in situ hybridization (ISH) using a universal 18S rRNA probe for Pneumocystis, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for determining histopathological lesions. A total of 216 (26%) samples were positive for Pneumocystis spp., encompassing 36 of 98 investigated mammal species, with 17 of them being described for the first time for the presence of Pneumocystis spp. The prevalence of Pneumocystis spp. as assessed by ISH varied greatly among different mammal species while the organism load was overall low, suggesting a status of colonization or subclinical infection. Severe Pneumocystis pneumonia seemed to be very rare. For most of the Pneumocystis-positive samples, comparative microscopic examination of H&E- and ISH-stained serial sections revealed an association of the fungus with minor lesions, consistent with an interstitial pneumonia. Colonization or subclinical infection of Pneumocystis in the lung might be important in many mammal species because the animals may serve as a reservoir.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species

Weissenbacher‐Lang

Blasi

Bauer

et al. 2023

JoF

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“…Furthermore, in order to avoid the propagation of animal-derived Pneumocystis spp., which can be present in BALF as contaminants [ 45 ], we analyzed all BALF samples using our Pan- Pneumocystis mtLSU rRNA gene PCR as described in previous studies [ 46 ]. The gene target of this PCR is identical, but it detects a different DNA fragment, permitting the differentiation of all known human and animal-derived Pneumocystis species on the basis of specific SNPs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optimization of basic P. jirovecii culture conditions in 6-well culture with A549 cells and axenic culture without feeder cells in DMEM-C medium−decline/starvation of P. jirovecii ; (+) steady state ( P. jirovecii count stable over the whole culture duration); + slow growth; +++ fast growth with large P. jirovecii clusters. References [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 59 , 63 , 80 , 85 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ,…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Axenic Long-Term Cultivation of Pneumocystis jirovecii

Riebold,

Mahnkopf,

Wicht

et al. 2023

JoF

Self Cite

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Pneumocystis jirovecii, a fungus causing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, has long been described as non-culturable. Only isolated short-term experiments with P. jirovecii and a small number of experiments involving animal-derived Pneumocystis species have been published to date. However, P. jirovecii culture conditions may differ significantly from those of animal-derived Pneumocystis, as there are major genotypic and phenotypic differences between them. Establishing a well-performing P. jirovecii cultivation is crucial to understanding PCP and its pathophysiological processes. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop an axenic culture for Pneumocystis jirovecii. To identify promising approaches for cultivation, a literature survey encompassing animal-derived Pneumocystis cultures was carried out. The variables identified, such as incubation time, pH value, vitamins, amino acids, and other components, were trialed and adjusted to find the optimum conditions for P. jirovecii culture. This allowed us to develop a medium that produced a 42.6-fold increase in P. jirovecii qPCR copy numbers after a 48-day culture. Growth was confirmed microscopically by the increasing number and size of actively growing Pneumocystis clusters in the final medium, DMEM-O3. P. jirovecii doubling time was 8.9 days (range 6.9 to 13.6 days). In conclusion, we successfully cultivated P. jirovecii under optimized cell-free conditions in a 70-day long-term culture for the first time. However, further optimization of the culture conditions for this slow grower is indispensable.

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“…[107] Blastomyces dermatitidis [108] Regarding parasitic diseases, the following parasites which may also affect humans have been described in foxes, namely Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis, Babesia spp., Hepatozoon canis, Giardia spp., Capillaria hepatica, C. aerophilia, Leishmania infantum, Trichinella spiralis, Toxocara canis, T. leonina, T. gondii, Uncinaria stenocephala, Thelazia callipaeda, Mesocestoides lineatus, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, Dipylidium caninum, Alaria alata, Linguatula serrata, Ixodes spp., Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex folliculorum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., Notoedres spp. Therefore, red foxes can be an important reservoir of many endoparasites and ectoparasites, as shown in the following studies.…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Secrets of the Astute Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An Inside-Ecosystem Secret Agent Serving One Health

Garcês

Pires

2021

Environments

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An ecosystem’s health is based on a delicate balance between human, nonhuman animal, and environmental health. Any factor that leads to an imbalance in one of the components results in disease. There are several bioindicators that allow us to evaluate the status of ecosystems. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758) has the widest world distribution among mammals. It is highly adaptable, lives in rural and urban areas, and has a greatly diverse diet. Being susceptible to environmental pollution and zoonotic agents, red foxes may act as sentinels to detect environmental contaminants, climatic changes and to prevent and control outbreaks of emerging or re-emerging zoonosis. This paper aims to compile the latest information that is related to the red fox as a sentinel of human, animal, and environmental health.

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First molecular detection of Pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides gray, 1834)

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species

Detection of Pneumocystis and Morphological Description of Fungal Distribution and Severity of Infection in Thirty-Six Mammal Species

Axenic Long-Term Cultivation of Pneumocystis jirovecii

Secrets of the Astute Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An Inside-Ecosystem Secret Agent Serving One Health

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