First Experiences With a Wearable Multisensor Device in a Noninvasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study at Home, Part II: The Investigators’ View

Abstract

The multisensor device and the algorithmic routine used earlier in controlled conditions tracks glucose changes also in uncontrolled conditions, although with lower accuracy. The examination of learning curves suggests that obtaining more data would not improve the results. Therefore, further efforts would focus on the development of more complex algorithmic routines able to compensate for environmental and physiological confounders better.

Review of Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone

“…A motion tracking system and/or a fixed sensor probe on the skin can be used to minimize errors. Other confounding factors are such as temperature and sweating/humidity levels that can be measured using a system with multiple sensors [203,204].…”

“…The use of multiple sensors to detect data from perturbing factors is processed in a combined fashion to improve the accuracy of the overall glucose measurement. The concept of using multiple sensors to improve the accuracy of impedance-based continuous glucose monitoring devices is a common practice [202][203][204][205]. Impedance studies by Caduff et al were investigated by the Pendragon (Zurich, Switzerland) and Biovotion (Zurich, Switzerland) medical device companies.…”

“…Caduff's group continued their work on this technology to improve the sensor [207][208][209]. In recent work by Caduff et al and Zanon et al, a wearable multi-sensor device worn on the upper arm was developed [203,204]. The device is equipped with an accelerometer, two temperature sensors, one humidity sensor, and diffuse reflectance optical based sensors (to measure hemodynamic changes).…”

“…In this device, dielectric properties of tissue are measured in three frequency ranges: between 1 kHz and 200 kHz to monitor sweat, between 0.1 and 100 MHz to monitor glucose variation, and between 1 GHz and 2 GHz to monitor subcutaneous water content. Testing the device on 20 T1D patients showed that 86.9 % of glucose readings fell in zone A+B from Clarke error grid analysis, 0.6% in zone C, 12.1% in zone D and 0.4% in zone E [204]. However, further improvements are required in order to eliminate errors associated with daily life routines and errors caused by tissue differences between individuals.…”

NiCo2S4 Nanowire‐Decorated Flexible Carbon Foam for Sensitive Glucose Sensors

“…Diabetes mellitus has been a great threat to our health, which would occur if glucose‐insulin regulatory system could not maintain the euglycemic concentration . Therefore, it is urgent to develop a sensitive glucose sensing for clinical diagnosis.…”