First Evaluation of Infrared Thermography as a Tool for the Monitoring of Udder Health Status in Farms of Dairy Cows

Zaninelli, M.; Redaelli, Veronica; Luzi, F.; Bronzo, V.; Mitchell, M.A.; Dell’Orto, V.; Bontempo, V.; Cattaneo, D.; Savoini, G.

doi:10.3390/s18030862

Cited by 72 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Values with different letters (a,b) indicate statistical difference (P < 0.05) between groups at the same time point. other studies and significantly changed UST has been observed in clinical mastitis (Martins et al, 2013;Sinha et al, 2018;Zaninelli et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

Wang

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Escherichia coli is a cause of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and goats, and sometimes causes severe clinical disease that may result in death of the animal. Previous investigation showed that ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) has an anti-inflammatory effect on the sepsis induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide via competitive binding to toll-like receptor 4. We hypothesized that intravenous injection of Rg1 had therapeutic effect on mastitis experimentally induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats. In this study, 9 lactating goats were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (1) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + saline intravenous injection, (2) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + Rg1 intravenous injection, and (3) saline intramammary administration + saline intravenous injection. Because no adverse clinical signs were observed after intramammary infusion of saline and intravenous injection of Rg1 in a preliminary experiment, and available qualified goats were limited in this study, this treatment was not included in this study. One udder half of each goat received intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (50 μg/kg of body weight; groups 1 and 2) or saline solution (group 3), and the other half was infused with 2 mL of saline solution at h 0. Afterward, intravenous injections of saline solution (groups 1 and 3) or Rg1 (2.5 mg/kg of body weight; group 2) were administered at h 2 and 4 postlipopolysaccharide challenge. Blood and milk samples were collected 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 48, and 72 h post-lipopolysaccharide challenge, and clinical signs were monitored hourly after lipopolysaccharide challenge within the first 10 h and at the same time points as blood samples. The results showed that Rg1 treatment downregulated rectal temperature, udder skin temperature, udder girth, milk somatic cell count, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and upregulated milk production, lactose, and recovered blood components, such as white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total proteins, albumin, and globulin. Considering the positive therapeutic effect on lipopolysaccharideinduced mastitis in goats presented in this study as well as the anti-inflammatory activity found previously, the botanical Rg1 deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of E. coli mastitis in dairy animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

Wang

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…However, the overall results of the tests evaluated do not seem to justify the development of an ad hoc IR thermographic device for the monitoring of the effects of milking on the teats. Nevertheless, the authors hypothesize that in the case that an IR sensor already equips a conventional or automatic milking system for other purposes (e.g., the monitoring of udder health status [43,44]), the same sensor could be used as a preliminary evaluation method of the mechanical stress of teats caused by the milking machine. Through a specific setting of the alarm threshold, the number of false positive cases could be limited and an automatic and continuous evaluation of teats could be implemented, enabling early detection of possible faults of the milking machine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Infrared Thermography for the Monitoring of Udder Teat Stress Caused by Milking Machines

Tangorra

Redaelli

Luzi

et al. 2019

Animals

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The aim of this study was to test infrared thermography (IRT) as a possible tool for scoring teat color changes after cluster removal; thus, indirectly, to classify the short-term stress of teats caused by milking machines. Thermographic images (n = 137) from three farms were collected and evaluated to calculate the average and maximum skin surface temperatures (SSTs) at the base, center, and tip of each teat (Tavg,B, Tavg,C, Tavg,T, Tmax,B, Tmax,C, and Tmax,T). Obtained results confirmed a significant relationship between the indicators Tavg, Tmax and the levels of teat color change (level one: pink-colored teat; level two: red-colored teat; level three: blue or purple-colored teat). Nevertheless, when a teat was considered to be stressed because its scoring fell in level 3 of the color-change scale used, sensitivity and specificity in the classification of the teat status ranged respectively between 45.6% and 54.3%, and 54.4% and 59.2%, for the indicators Tavg; and 56.5% and 60.9%, and 59.7% and 61.8%, for the indicators Tmax. When a teat was considered stressed because its scoring fell between the levels 2 and 3 of the scale adopted, sensitivity and specificity were between 49.0% and 55.8%, and 58.3% and 61.8%, for the indicators Tavg; and 55.8% and 59.9%, and 60.6% and 61.4%, for the indicators Tmax. As a consequence, the low values of sensitivity and specificity do not seem to justify the development of an ad hoc infrared device for the monitoring of udder teat stress. Nonetheless, this technology can be a viable solution for a preliminary evaluation of the mechanical stress of teats if a milking system would be equipped with an infrared sensor already in place for other purposes (e.g., the monitoring of udder health status).

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“…Nevertheless, these were clinical trial studies with a limited number of animals, thus there is still the need to evaluate IRT under more general farm conditions. Zaninelli et al (66) evaluated the use of IRT for udder health using data from more than 300 cows from three farms. In their study, even though the images were collected manually, the imaging processing was automated using a classical image threshold for measurement of udder temperature.…”

Section: Identification Of Mastitis and Digital Dermatitis By Thermogmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, in the last decade, several efforts have been made toward the measurement of group-level traits, such as group growth, activity, drinking and feeding behavior, and animal spatial distribution among others with most of the successful applications based on standard digital cameras implementing classic image analysis and machine learning algorithms. Nevertheless, most of the works in the literature deals with a small group of animals, with just a few works evaluating CVS in farm environments (14,66,67,97) or under challenging light and background conditions (80,81,90) with the application of more sophisticated machine learning algorithms.…”

Section: Perspectives Of Cvs For High-throughput Phenotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Analysis and Computer Vision Applications in Animal Sciences: An Overview

2020

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Computer Vision, Digital Image Processing, and Digital Image Analysis can be viewed as an amalgam of terms that very often are used to describe similar processes. Most of this confusion arises because these are interconnected fields that emerged with the development of digital image acquisition. Thus, there is a need to understand the connection between these fields, how a digital image is formed, and the differences regarding the many sensors available, each best suited for different applications. From the advent of the charge-coupled devices demarking the birth of digital imaging, the field has advanced quite fast. Sensors have evolved from grayscale to color with increasingly higher resolution and better performance. Also, many other sensors have appeared, such as infrared cameras, stereo imaging, time of flight sensors, satellite, and hyperspectral imaging. There are also images generated by other signals, such as sound (ultrasound scanners and sonars) and radiation (standard x-ray and computed tomography), which are widely used to produce medical images. In animal and veterinary sciences, these sensors have been used in many applications, mostly under experimental conditions and with just some applications yet developed on commercial farms. Such applications can range from the assessment of beef cuts composition to live animal identification, tracking, behavior monitoring, and measurement of phenotypes of interest, such as body weight, condition score, and gait. Computer vision systems (CVS) have the potential to be used in precision livestock farming and high-throughput phenotyping applications. We believe that the constant measurement of traits through CVS can reduce management costs and optimize decision-making in livestock operations, in addition to opening new possibilities in selective breeding. Applications of CSV are currently a growing research area and there are already commercial products available. However, there are still challenges that demand research for the successful development of autonomous solutions capable of delivering critical information. This review intends to present significant developments that have been made in CVS applications in animal and veterinary sciences and to highlight areas in which further research is still needed before full deployment of CVS in breeding programs and commercial farms.

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First Evaluation of Infrared Thermography as a Tool for the Monitoring of Udder Health Status in Farms of Dairy Cows

Cited by 72 publications

References 32 publications

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

The Use of Infrared Thermography for the Monitoring of Udder Teat Stress Caused by Milking Machines

Image Analysis and Computer Vision Applications in Animal Sciences: An Overview

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