First direct observation of time-reversal non-invariance in the neutral-kaon system

Angelopoulos, A.; Apostolakis, A.; Aslanides, E.; Backenstoss, G.; Bargassa, P.; Behnke, O.; Benelli, A.; Bertín, V.; Blanc, F.; Bloch, P.; Carlson, P.; Carroll, M.; Cawley, E.; Charalambous, S.; Chertok, M.; Danielsson, Mats; Déjardin, M.; Derré, J.; Ealet, A.; Eleftheriadis, C.; Faravel, L.; Fetscher, W.; Fidecaro, M.; Filipčić, A.; Francis, D.; Fry, J. R.; Gabathuler, E.; Gamet, R.; Gerber, H.‐J.; Go, A.; Haselden, A.; Hayman, P.; Henry‐Couannier, F.; Hollander, R.W.; Jon‐And, K.; Kettle, P.R.; Kokkas, P.; Kreuger, R.; Gac, R. Le; Leimgruber, F.; Mandić, I.; Manthos, N.; Marel, G.; Mikuž, M.; Miller, J.; Montanet, F.; Müller, A.; Nakada, T.; Pagels, B.; Papadopoulos, I.; Pavlopoulos, P.; Policarpo, A.; Polivka, G.; Rickenbach, R.; Roberts, B. L.; Ruf, T.; Santoni, C.; Schäfer, M.; Schaller, L.A.; Schietinger, T.; Schopper, A.; Tauscher, L.; Thibault, C.; Touchard, F.; Touramanis, C.; Eijk, C.W.E. van; Vlachos, S.; Weber, Peter M.; Wigger, O.; Wolter, M. W.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zimmerman, D.

doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(98)01356-2

Cited by 199 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We now show that the experimentally observed difference [10] formally contradicts T invariance in H wk .…”

Section: T Violationmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…(42), the definition of time reversal invariance would stay intact if the decay rates Γ S and Γ L would (hypothetically) become the same, contradicting [31,32]. A T has been measured [10] not to vanish, A T = 0. Since only the relative phase of …”

Section: T Violationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…(56), whose time independent part (57) becomes slightly modified by the normalization procedure [10], the CPLEAR data is expected to follow…”

Section: T Violation In the Kaon's Time Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plate with a hole obeys the averaged null energy condition

Graham

Olum

2005

Phys. Rev. D

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During the recent years experiments with neutral kaons have yielded remarkably sensitive results which are pertinent to such fundamental phenomena as CPT invariance (protecting causality), timereversal invariance violation, coherence of wave functions, and entanglement of kaons in pair states. We describe the phenomenological developments and the theoretical conclusions drawn from the experimental material. An outlook to future experimentation is indicated.

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“…We now show that the experimentally observed difference [10] formally contradicts T invariance in H wk .…”

Section: T Violationmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: T Violationmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Plate with a hole obeys the averaged null energy condition

Graham

Olum

2005

Phys. Rev. D

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“…3 So, for example, in the earlier experiment performed at CPLEAR (see Angelopoulus et al 1998), which was supposed to measure the direct time-reversal symmetry violation, K 0 transitions to antiK 0 and antiK 0 transitions to K 0 were used. However, as was noticed by Bernabeu et al (2012), who suggested the experiment performed at SLAC, the measured asymmetry between the probabilities of these decays cannot be interpreted as the direct violation of time-reversal invariance: ''[t]he measured asymmetry among the probabilities K 0 ?…”

Section: The Direct Evidence For Time-reversal Violation Of Weak Intementioning

confidence: 99%

Weak Interactions: Asymmetry of Time or Asymmetry in Time?

Gołosz

2016

J Gen Philos Sci

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The paper analyzes the philosophical consequences of the recent discovery of direct violations of the time-reversal symmetry of weak interactions. It shows that although we have here an important case of the time asymmetry of one of the fundamental physical forces which could have had a great impact on the form of our world with an excess of matter over antimatter, this asymmetry cannot be treated as the asymmetry of time itself but rather as an asymmetry of some specific physical process in time. The paper also analyzes the consequences of the new discovery for the general problem of the possible connections between direction (arrow) of time and time-asymmetric laws of nature. These problems are analyzed in the context of Horwich's Asymmetries in time: problems in the philosophy of science (1987) argumentation, trying to show that existence of a time-asymmetric law of nature is a sufficient condition for time to be anisotropic. Instead of Horwich's sufficient condition for anisotropy of time, it is stressed that for a theory of asymmetry of time to be acceptable it should explain all fundamental time asymmetries: the asymmetry of traces, the asymmetry of causation (which holds although the electrodynamic, strong and gravitational interactions are invariant under time reversal), and the asymmetry between the fixed past and open future. It is so because the problem of the direction of time has originated from our attempts to understand these asymmetries and every plausible theory of the direction of time should explain them.

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“…The another fundamental problem is impossibility of explaining the observed baryon asymmetry of universe [19] through a single CP-violating phase of the CabibboKobayashi-Maskawa quark-mixing matrix (CKM) [20]. Presently the CP violation is observed only in the decays of neutral K-and B-mesons [21,22]. Up to now there is no direct evidence of the CP violation in the leptonic and semileptonic processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

T-odd correlation in muon neutrino elastic scattering on polarized proton target

Sobków

2013

Nuclear Physics B

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In this paper, we analyze the elastic scattering of the muon neutrino beam on the polarized proton target (PPT), and predict how the existence of CPviolating phase between the complex vector V and axial A couplings of the left-chirality neutrinos affects the azimuthal dependence of the differential cross section. The neutrinos are assumed to be Dirac fermions with non-zero mass. We show that the azimuthal asymmetry of recoil protons does not depend on the neutrino mass and does not vanish even if β V A = 0. The CPbreaking phase β V A could be detected by measuring the maximal asymmetry of the differential cross section. We also indicate the possibility of using the PPT to distinguish the detector background from the neutrino interactions. Our analysis is model-independent and the results are presented in a limit of infinitesimally small neutrino mass.

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First direct observation of time-reversal non-invariance in the neutral-kaon system

Cited by 199 publications

References 8 publications

Plate with a hole obeys the averaged null energy condition

Plate with a hole obeys the averaged null energy condition

Weak Interactions: Asymmetry of Time or Asymmetry in Time?

T-odd correlation in muon neutrino elastic scattering on polarized proton target

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