First Determination of UV Filters in Marine Mammals. Octocrylene Levels in Franciscana Dolphins

Abstract

Most current bioexposure assessments for UV filters focus on contaminants concentrations in fish from river and lake. To date there is not information available on the occurrence of UV filters in marine mammals. This is the first study to investigate the presence of sunscreen agents in tissue liver of Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), a species under special measures for conservation. Fifty six liver tissue samples were taken from dead individuals accidentally caught or found stranded along the Brazilian coastal area (six states). The extensively used octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate, OCT) was frequently found in the samples investigated (21 out of 56) at concentrations in the range 89-782 ng·g(-1) lipid weight. São Paulo was found to be the most polluted area (70% frequency of detection). Nevertheless, the highest concentration was observed in the dolphins from Rio Grande do Sul (42% frequency of detection within that area). These findings constitute the first data reported on the occurrence of UV filters in marine mammals worldwide.

Sources, impacts and trends of pharmaceuticals in the marine and coastal environment

“…The personal care product triclosan has been detected in plasma from wild Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) [92] and UV filters have been detected in Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) [93]. Coastal avian species that feed on fish and shellfish may also be chronically exposed to pharmaceuticals.…”

Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants of Environmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review

“…Under UV radiation, some organic filters are also able to produce ROS [25]. Organic UV filters have been found in several aquatic organisms (marine invertebrates, fish, marine mammals, aquatic birds); often they were detected at significantly high concentrations (e.g., OC at up to 712 ng/g in the liver of the Brazilian dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei, [26]; octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) at up to 256 ng/g dry weight, and OC at up to 7112 ng/g dry weight of Mytilus sp. collected along French coasts, [27]; EHMC at up to 701 ng/g lipids of the cormorant Phalacrocorax sp., [28]).…”

Multi-target determination of organic ultraviolet absorbents in organism tissues by ultrasonic assisted extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…APCI and electronic spray ionization (ESI) have been widely used in determination of various UV absorbents [12,32,34,35,37,[40][41][42][43][45][46][47]49,50]. ESI was reported to provide better sensitivity for compounds of medium to high polarity and APCI is favorable for ionization of compounds with low polarity [47,59].…”

“…It is therefore very likely that various UV absorbents accumulate concurrently in the environment, especially in coastal waters where are usually served for agricultural (e.g., fishing and mariculture), industrial (e.g., shipping and offloading) as well as recreational purposes. In addition, most of the available research focused on water and sediment [30,31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][45][46][47] whereas methods for determination of the UV filters and stabilizers in organism tissues are still limited [4,34,43]. However, many organic UV absorbents have potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification through trophic web given their strong lipophilicity [14].…”