First detection in the US: new plant pathogen, Phytophthora tentaculata, in native plant nurseries and restoration sites in California

Rooney-Latham, S.; Blomquist, C. L.; Swiecki, Tedmund J.; Bernhardt, Elizabeth A.; Frankel, Susan J.

doi:10.3368/npj.16.1.23

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The recently reported presence of a putatively exotic Phytophthora species comingled with a pathogen species possibly native to portions of California provided a unique opportunity to compare whether broad differences in biogeographical history of two pathogen species may result in differences in the degree and type of disease they cause. We selected three hosts important in the California ecosystems where P. tentaculata and P. cactorum have recently been introduced (Rooney‐Latham et al., ) to compare the virulence and type of disease caused by the “new” ( P. tentaculata ) and the “old” pathogen species ( P. cactorum ). It should be noted that, although putatively native to parts of California, P. cactorum is not known from the dry grasslands and riparian forests of the San Francisco East Bay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent evaluation of native plant nurseries and restored wildlands in California, it has been shown that P. tentaculata Kröber & Marwitz and P. cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. may have been moved from nurseries into restoration sites via infected plant stock (Rooney‐Latham, Blomquist, Swiecki, Bernhardt, & Frankel, ). Evaluation for Phytophthora species at sites prior to restoration efforts would help to understand species distributions (Sims, Sutton, Reeser, & Hansen, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exotic microbial pathogens can have unpredictable ecological impacts on natural ecosystems (Cave, Randall‐Schadel, & Redlin, ), and their effects may be compounded by high levels of virulence on native hosts due to lack of coevolution between hosts and pathogens (Garbelotto, Rocca, Osmundson, di Lonardo, & Danti, ; Leonard & Czochor, ; Loo, ). It is believed that P. tentaculata may be exotic to California because, prior to 2012 (Rooney‐Latham et al., ), this species had been reported exclusively from outside the United States. Countries it has been reported from, including more recent reports, are Germany, Spain, China, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (Beal, Waghorn, Scrace, & Henricot, ; Kröber & Marwitz, ; Martini et al., ; Moralejo, Puig, & Man in’t Veld, ; Rahman et al., ; Wang, Zhao, & Qi, ; Yang, Tyler, & Hong, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Susceptibility to the rare Phytophthora tentaculata and to the widespread Phytophthora cactorum is consistent with host ecology and history

Sims

Garbelotto

2018

Forest Pathology

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We evaluated the susceptibility of three California endemic plant species Heteromeles arbutifolia, Platanus racemosa and Quercus agrifolia to the two congeneric soilborne pathogen species: Phytophthora tentaculata and Phytophthora cactorum. These pathogens were recently introduced in ecosystems east of the San Francisco Bay, where the three plant species above are dominant. Phytophthora cactorum has a worldwide distribution inclusive of California, and a broad host range. Phytophthora tentaculata, in contrast, is suspected to be a “new” exotic to California and has been described on relatively few hosts. By separately challenging the roots and the stems of the three plant species above, we show that: (a) Both were equally pathogenic, but the type of disease differed based on host; (b) disease was consistent with host ecology and with previous disease reports, even if caused by different Phytophthora spp. and; (c) there were intraspecific differences in virulence. This study provides the following significant information regarding the management and early modelling of polyphagous soilborne Phytophthoras: (a) Endemic species can be as problematic as recently introduced exotics. (b) Multiple introductions should be avoided due to varying virulence levels among genotypes. (c) Riparian species like P. racemosa may develop disease tolerance in their root systems, but remain susceptible in their aerial portions, and thus, diseases could be facilitated by flooding or splash of infectious structures of soilborne pathogens onto aerial plant portions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Susceptibility to the rare Phytophthora tentaculata and to the widespread Phytophthora cactorum is consistent with host ecology and history

Sims

Garbelotto

2018

Forest Pathology

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“…Necrotic lesions extended up and down the stems with lengths of 50-190 (114) (Farr & Rossman, 2018). In California, it has been found in restoration nurseries providing planting stock for forest and other environmental settings with the potential to cause lasting environmental damage (Rooney-Latham et al, 2015). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. tentaculata in the UK.…”

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confidence: 80%

First report of Phytophthora tentaculata affecting Santolina in the UK

Beal

Waghorn

Scrace

et al. 2018

New Disease Reports

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Figure 1 Figure 2 Santolina chamaecyparissus, also known as cotton lavender, is a dwarf Mediterranean shrub often grown for its aromatic foliage and as a dwarf hedging plant. In 2013, S. chamaecyparissus plants were sent to the Royal Horticultural Society from a garden in Derbyshire with decayed roots and lesions at the base of the stems. To isolate the pathogen, 1-2 mm pieces of necrotic tissue from the lesion leading edge were placed on Phytophthora selective media (SMA; amended as per Brasier et al., 2005) and incubated at 20°C for three days. In addition, pieces of necrotic stem tissue were placed into apple (cv. Granny Smith) baits and incubated in the dark at 20°C for up to one week. As soon as lesions formed on the apples the lesions were placed onto SMA plates for isolation. Hyphal tips were transferred onto carrot agar (CA) in order to obtain pure cultures.Sporangia formed readily when CA plugs of an actively growing culture were floated in filtered pond water. The sporangia (Fig. 1) were ovoid to obpyriform in shape, ranging between 22-79 (55.6) x 15-49 (37.2) µm in size (average l/b ratio 1.50; n = 46), papillate and primarily non-caducous, but occasionally caducous with a short pedicel (4-7 µm). Oogonia were readily produced on CA, globose and measured between 24-39 (32.8) µm (n = 70). The paragynous (occasionally amphigynous) antheridia were spherical or club-shaped and measured 10-16 (12.9) x 12-23 (15.6) µm (n = 33). Oospores were aplerotic and had a diameter of 21-35 (28.3) µm (n = 64). Chlamydospores were observed on CA after at least two weeks growth.

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“…Large‐scale greenhouses used to propagate species for AM can create hospitable conditions for growth and spread of many non‐native pathogens (Brasier, ; Parke & Grünwald, ). Furthermore, due to past introductions caused by other human activities, plants harvested in situ for translocation may carry non‐native microorganisms, in addition to their “native” microbiome (Rooney‐Latham et al., ). Microorganisms’ short generation times, cryptic natures, and capacities for asexual reproduction, dormancy, hybridization, and rapid evolution make these hitchhikers significant invasion threats (Anderson et al., ; Stukenbrock, ).…”

Section: The Disease Trianglementioning

confidence: 99%

Amplifying plant disease risk through assisted migration

Simler

Williamson

Schwartz

et al. 2018

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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Translocation of species, populations, or genotypes beyond their historic ranges (i.e., assisted migration [AM]) is an oft‐debated climate adaptation strategy. Well‐intentioned AM actions could alter disease dynamics for target species and recipient sites, resulting in unanticipated detrimental economic and ecological impacts. Although disease risks are occasionally mentioned in AM debates, current regulations or best practices that reduce or mitigate these complex risks are generally lacking in North America. We use the “Disease Triangle”, a foundational framework in pathology, to illustrate pathways through which AM may impact disease emergence, to identify knowledge gaps, and to suggest best practices to reduce disease risks. We highlight empirical examples in which altering pathogen distributions, host communities, and environment have historically resulted in costly and ecologically damaging diseases in plants. Although guidelines to reduce disease risks in AM are generally lacking, policies governing endangered species, invasive species, and disease management can provide starting points for a more comprehensive policy. We use examples from the United States to identify key strengths and weaknesses that can inform regulations to reduce disease risks associated with AM. We argue that consideration of disease motivates policy development that incorporates improved risk assessments, agency coordination, and accountability mechanisms.

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First detection in the US: new plant pathogen, Phytophthora tentaculata, in native plant nurseries and restoration sites in California

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Susceptibility to the rare Phytophthora tentaculata and to the widespread Phytophthora cactorum is consistent with host ecology and history

Susceptibility to the rare Phytophthora tentaculata and to the widespread Phytophthora cactorum is consistent with host ecology and history

First report of Phytophthora tentaculata affecting Santolina in the UK

Amplifying plant disease risk through assisted migration

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