First Detection and Seasonal Variation of Lipophilic Toxins Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1, and Yessotoxin in Korean Gastropods

Abstract

Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2, and yessotoxin (YTX) are classes of lipophilic toxins found in marine animals. OA and DTX1 accumulation causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, a worldwide public health problem. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning has not previously been reported in gastropods, which are widely consumed in Korea. Seasonal variation in marine lipophilic toxins in gastropods was investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty specimens of Neptunea cumingii, 65 specimens of Rapana venosa, and 95 specimens of Batillus cornutus were collected at the Tongyeong fish market on the southern coast of Korea between May 2009 and December 2010. OA, DTX1, and YTX were detected in meat and digestive glands in all gastropod species studied. Pectenotoxin-2 was not found in any sample tested. Lipophilic toxins were detected in the digestive glands of gastropods; no lipophilic toxin was detected in the salivary glands of the carnivorous gastropods, N. cumingii and R. venosa. The highest concentrations of OA (21.5 ng/g) and DTX1 (8.4 ng/g) were detected in the digestive glands of R. venosa, and the maximum concentration of YTX (13.7 ng/g) was found in the digestive glands of N. cumingii. The maximum toxicities in gastropod tissues were lower than the European standard for acceptable levels. The concentrations of lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods showed a high degree of seasonal variation; lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods were found predominantly in spring and summer. This is the first report of the occurrence of lipophilic toxins in Korean gastropods.

Contamination of commercially available seafood by key diarrhetic shellfish poisons along the coast of China

“…The above data indicated that the amount of OA and DTX-1 accumulated in digestive glands was more than four times greater than that in flesh. This result was similar to the reported paper (Lee et al 2012). …”

Production of Monoclonal Antibody for Okadaic Acid and Its Utilization in an Ultrasensitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and One-Step Immunochromatographic Strip

“…Currently, gold nanoparticles have been applied in various biosensors and immunochromatographic strips to detect small molecular toxins. , One emerging immunoassay for mycotoxins and phycotoxins is a immunochromatographic strip that uses conjugate antibody-colored gold nanoparticle as a signal reagent. ,, The principle of immunochromatographic strip depends on the migration of test samples and gold nanoparticle–antibody conjugates along membrane strips on which the binding interactions occur. Because the results of the strip can be inspected visually, the strip provides simple and fast on-site detection in less than 10 min without proficient personnel or other equipment. ,, Since various levels of OA contamination have been reported in shellfish samples collected from different regions, − an effective method for on-site detecting OA in shellfishes is required. Therefore, this study produced a mAb against OA and successfully applied it to an ultrasensitive ELISA and gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic strip for detecting OA in shellfish samples.…”

Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans

“…The lead compound of the group, yessotoxin (YTX), was first isolated in 1986 from the digestive glands of scallop P. yessoensis collected in Mutsu Bay (Japan), from which the toxin acquired its name [ 216 ]. Thereafter, YTXs have been detected worldwide, in shellfish from Korea [ 217 ], Chile, and New Zealand. In Europe, they have been described in mollusks from Norway, Italy, Spain, and Russia [ 212 ].…”