First detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Argentina and its association with reproductive failure

Abstract

Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a small, circular, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Circoviridae, genus Circovirus. The genome encodes two major open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1 encodes a replication-associated protein (rep), while ORF2 encodes the viral capsid (cap) protein that determines the antigenic characteristics of the virus (Mankertz et al., 2004). Until recently, only two species of circovirus had been reported in pigs (Allan & Ellis, 2000). Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1) was first identified as a cell culture contaminant and is considered non-pathogenic in pigs.In contrast, PCV2 is a ubiquitous, economically significant pathogen

Pathogenic Characterization of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Heilongjiang, China

“…PCV3 is a newly discovered virus, but has been detected retrospectively since 1966 in China [ 21 ], 1967 in Brazil [ 24 ], 1996 in Spain [ 13 ], and 2006 in Thailand [ 25 ]. PCV3 has been reported in cases of reproductive failure [ 26 , 27 ], PDNS, and porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) in clinical cases [ 28 ]. Thus, further studies are necessary to evaluate if the PCV3 DB-1 isolate with A24 and K27 within the Cap might have unique phenotypic traits that can be associated with specific clinical presentations.…”

Recent Progress on Epidemiology and Pathobiology of Porcine Circovirus 3

“…Of the 131 fetuses collected from three different sows, three were positive for PCV3, but negative for PPV, PCV2, ADV, Leptospira spp., and Brucella spp. [82]. The percentage of mummies (7% vs. 3.2%) and stillborn pigs (7.2% vs. 4.2%) were increased, while the total number of live pigs decreased (86% vs. 92%) in PCV3-affected farms compared with that of the reference farms [82].…”

“…PCV3 can be detected in the gilt of the pro-farrowing and farrowing period, in serum or tissues of weak-born piglets, in mummified fetuses and placenta, in the precolostrum sera of piglets and colostrum, suggesting the virus is associated with the reproductive disorders [33,48,74,[80][81][82]. Among the collected samples, the highest load of the PCV3 genome was detected in the thymus and lymph nodes of aborted and weak-born piglets [83].…”

“…Furthermore, Dal Santo et al found that 270 of 276 mummified fetuses collected from 11 commercial swine farms in Brazil were PCV3-positive [80]. Serena et al from Argentina evaluated mummified and stillborn piglets from cases of chronic reproductive disorder and normal deliveries and found that 100% PPV-positive mummified and/or stillborn piglets were PCV3-positive [82]. Of the 131 fetuses collected from three different sows, three were positive for PCV3, but negative for PPV, PCV2, ADV, Leptospira spp., and Brucella spp.…”

“…[82]. The percentage of mummies (7% vs. 3.2%) and stillborn pigs (7.2% vs. 4.2%) were increased, while the total number of live pigs decreased (86% vs. 92%) in PCV3-affected farms compared with that of the reference farms [82]. Saporiti et al evaluated the positive rate of PCV3 in primiparous and multiparous sows as well as their respective fetuses [33].…”