First description of the surgical anatomy of the cynomolgus monkey liver

Abstract

No detailed description of nonhuman primate liver anatomy has been reported and little is known about the similarity between such livers and human liver. The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was used to establish a preclinical model of genetically modified hepatocytes auto transplantation. Here, we report information gleaned from careful observation and notes obtained from 59 female cynomolgus monkeys undergoing 44 anatomical hepatic resections, 12 main portal vein division dissections and selective branch ligations, and 46 portographies. Additionally, three anatomical liver dissections after total resection at autopsy were performed and served to confirm peroperative observations and for photography to provide illustrations. Our results indicate that the cynomolgus monkey liver has four lobes: the median (the largest), the right and left lateral, and the caudate lobes. In 60% (N=20) of individuals the portal bifurcates into right and left portal veins, in the remaining 40% (N=14) the portal vein trifurcates into right anterior, right posterior, and left portal veins. The anatomy and branching pattern of the hepatic artery and bile ducts closely follow those of the portal branches. Functionally, the cynomolgus monkey liver can be divided into eight independent segments. Thus, we report the first detailed description of the hepatic and portal surgical anatomy of the cynomolgus monkey. The cynomolgus monkey liver is more similar to the human liver than are livers of any small or large nonprimate mammals that have been described.

Integrated whole liver histologic analysis of the allogeneic islet distribution and characteristics in a nonhuman primate model

“…The liver tissues and islets were labeled with unique identification names based on our criteria described in the Methods. The results obtained by this classification criterion can be variably applied even when using different criteria distinct from our anatomical explanation of the cynomolgus monkey liver applied in this study 33 . www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The number of counted islets was lower in S5, S6, and S7 and higher in S2, S3, and S4 depending on the tissue area ( Fig.…”

“…Whole liver tissues were obtained from five monkeys at the end of the study. Whole liver tissues were fixed with 10% normal buffered formalin (NBF) solution for 72 hours and divided into eight segments (S1-S8) as previously described 33 . Next, each segment was uniformly sliced into sections 3-5 mm thick and 10-20 mm wide.…”

“…Paraffin slides were produced from the uniformly sliced tissue for immunohistochemistry analysis. sufficient fixation and divided into segments S1-S8 according to the cynomolgus monkey liver anatomy 33 . The whole liver tissue of the recipient monkey was sliced, and paraffin sectioning was performed following our established protocols ( Fig.…”

Two cases of liver lobe torsion in a white‐lipped tamarin (Saguinus labiatus) and an Alaotran gentle lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis)

“…The anatomy of the liver in NHP is less frequently described than that of domestic species, and the most reliable and detailed sources of information are typically older anatomical texts. [10][11][12] No specific description of white-lipped tamarin liver anatomy was identified, but there are descriptions for other callitrichids. 13,14 In common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), the liver is described as similar to that of lemurs and has four lobes: central, left, right and caudate.…”

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modelling Human Liver Diseases and Cell Therapy

“…It is now well established that non-human primates constitute the best model for such trials, because they are the animals most closely related to humans and have a similar physiology, particularly as concerns the liver [107] and the central nervous system. The long-term follow-up of transplanted cells, which is impossible in rodents, can be carried out in monkeys.…”