First derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method as a green tool for the quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium tablets

Abstract

Background: Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is a rapid quantitative method which has been applied for pharmaceutical analysis. This work describes the utility of first derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in the quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium tablets. Methods: This analytical quantitative technique depends on a first derivative measurement of the area of infrared bands corresponding to the CO stretching range of 1550-1605 cm-1. The specificity, linearity, detection limits, precision and accuracy of the calibration curve, the infrared analysis and data manipulation were determined in order to validate the method. The statistical results were compared with other methods for the quantification of diclofenac sodium. Results: The excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. Excellent linearity was found for the drug concentrations in the range 0.2 – 1.5 w/w %. (r2= 0.9994). Precision of the method was assessed by the repeated analysis of diclofenac sodium tablets; the results obtained showed small standard deviation and relative standard deviation values, which indicates that the method is quite precise. The high percentage of recovery of diclofenac sodium tablets (99.81, 101.54 and 99.41%) demonstrate the compliance of the obtained recoveries with the pharmacopeial percent recovery. The small limit of detection and limit of quantification values (0.0528 and 0.1599 w/w %, respectively) obtained by this method indicate the high sensitivity of the method. Conclusions: First derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed high accuracy and precision, is considered as nondestructive, green, low cost and rapid, and can be applied easily for the pharmaceutical quantitative determination of diclofenac sodium tablet formulations.

Functionalization of Arabinoxylan in Chitosan Based Blends by Periodate Oxidation for Drug Release Study

“…A band at 1716 cm −1 represented the stretching of C<C$${\char62 }$$ O group. Characteristic peaks in aromatic rings claimed the stretching of C−H at 3074 cm −1 and the stretching of amines (N−H) at 3324 cm −1 [52,54] . In the FT‐IR spectrum of drug‐loaded AX/CS blends (Figure 8 B, C, and D), various characteristic peaks of AX, CS, and DS appeared without any significant shifting of the peaks, suggesting no interaction between DS and the polymers (AX and CS) used.…”

“…Characteristic peaks in aromatic rings claimed the stretching of CÀ H at 3074 cm À 1 and the stretching of amines (NÀ H) at 3324 cm À 1 . [52,54] In the FT-IR spectrum of drug-loaded AX/CS blends (Figure 8 B, C, and D), various characteristic peaks of AX, CS, and DS appeared without any significant shifting of the peaks, suggesting no interaction between DS and the polymers (AX and CS) used. Same in the case of drug-loaded OAX/CS blends shown in Figure 8 (E, F, and G), all significant peaks were almost the same as described above except a major peak of periodate oxidation at 1716 cm À 1 , a characteristic peak for carbonyl groups.…”

Experimental Investigation on the Bioprotective Role of Trehalose on Glutamine Solutions by Infrared Spectroscopy

“…Furthermore, in the presence of Trehalose, there are further multiple O-H and C-O stretching peaks, which are to be attributed to the existence of multiple bonds that give rise to an increase in the spectral complexity. Before investigating the spectra by means of the above-mentioned approaches, as a preliminary analysis, the first derivative and the second derivative of the investigated spectra have been evaluated to accurately determine the peak positions, and the same procedure has been also applied for the deconvoluted component bands [78,79]. Figure 4 reports, as an example, the IR spectrum of the Glutamine/Water mixture in the 1500-4000 cm −1 spectral range, together with its first and second order derivatives.…”

Discrimination and authentication of lard blending with palm oil in cosmetic soap formulations

“…FTIR has been proposed as an alternative method to determine free fatty acid in soaps due to its fingerprinting technique. Furthermore, it is a fast and non-destructive technique, sensitive and can be considered a 'green analytical technique' because of the low use of chemical reagents and solvents [14]. However, the approach has limitations because it cannot accurately determine the type and quantity of each fatty acid component in a sample.…”