First confirmed occurrence of the yellow fever virus and dengue virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead, 1907) in Mozambique

Abílio, Ana Paula; Kampango, Ayubo; Armando, Eliseu J; Gudo, Eduardo Samo; Neves, Luis; Parreira, Ricardo; Sidat, Mohsin; Fafetine, José; Almeida, António Paulo Gouveia de

doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04217-9

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…1.5m above the ground, and were protected from the weather, theft, animals and/or children by available objects in the environment (mostly trees, or tall vegetation). Due to suspicion of arboviral diseases transmission in Mozambique, which has since been confirmed [ 33 , 34 ], no comparison against Human Landing Catches (HLC), the current gold standard methodology to assess human biting rates, were performed. As such, ‘exposure to hosts-seeking mosquitoes’ is reported throughout this study, rather than ‘vector bites’.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overlaying human and mosquito behavioral data to estimate residual exposure to host-seeking mosquitoes and the protection of bednets in a malaria elimination setting where indoor residual spraying and nets were deployed together

et al. 2022

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Characterizing persistent malaria transmission that occurs after the combined deployment of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is critical to guide malaria control and elimination efforts. This requires a detailed understanding of both human and vector behaviors at the same temporal and spatial scale. Cross-sectional human behavior evaluations and mosquito collections were performed in parallel in Magude district, Mozambique. Net use and the exact time when participant moved into each of five environments (outdoor, indoor before bed, indoor in bed, indoor after getting up, and outdoor after getting up) were recorded for individuals from three different age groups and both sexes during a dry and a rainy season. Malaria mosquitoes were collected with CDC light traps in combination with collection bottle rotators. The percentage of residual exposure to host-seeking vectors that occurred in each environment was calculated for five local malaria vectors with different biting behaviors, and the actual (at observed levels of LLIN use) and potential (i.e. if all residents had used an LLIN) personal protection conferred by LLINs was estimated. Anopheles arabiensis was responsible for more than 74% of residents’ residual exposure to host-seeking vectors during the Magude project. The other four vector species ( An . funestus s . s ., An . parensis , An . squamosus and An . merus) were responsible for less than 10% each. The personal protection conferred by LLINs prevented only 39.2% of the exposure to host-seeking vectors that survived the implementation of both IRS and LLINs, and it differed significantly across seasons, vector species and age groups. At the observed levels of bednet use, 12.5% of all residual exposure to host-seeking vectors occurred outdoor during the evening, 21.9% indoor before going to bed, almost two thirds (64%) while people were in bed, 1.4% indoors after getting up and 0.2% outdoor after leaving the house. Almost a third of the residual exposure to host-seeking vectors (32.4%) occurred during the low transmission season. The residual bites of An . funestus s . s . and An . parensis outdoors and indoor before bedtime, of An . arabiensis indoors when people are in bed, and of An . squamosus both indoors and outdoors, are likely to have sustained malaria transmission throughout the Magude project. By increasing LLIN use, an additional 24.1% of exposure to the remaining hosts-seeking vectors could have been prevented. Since An . arabiensis , the most abundant vector, feeds primarily...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overlaying human and mosquito behavioral data to estimate residual exposure to host-seeking mosquitoes and the protection of bednets in a malaria elimination setting where indoor residual spraying and nets were deployed together

et al. 2022

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“…The HBTT utilized in this study demonstrates the adaptive implementation of a sampling tool based on local circumstances towards answering a specific question. The presence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus [ 23 , 47 ] associated with outbreaks of Dengue virus in Mozambique [ 48 ], resulted in the risk-assessment based termination of HLC, considered the gold standard in vector surveillance. Though the HBTTs functioned well to capture Anopheles , there remains the inability to directly compare them to HLCs in order to understand true landing rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…’ the number of indoor and outdoor feeding mosquitoes (collected through the HBTT, presented as the mean number of biting mosquitoes per person) is estimated for each geography (district), season (rainy versus dry) and Anopheles species. Due to arboviral diseases transmission in Mozambique [ 23 , 24 ], no comparison against human landing catches (HLC), the current gold standard methodology to assess human biting rates, was performed. Hence, HBTT collections are taken as a proxy for HLC (or biting).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

To spray or target mosquitoes another way: focused entomological intelligence guides the implementation of indoor residual spraying in southern Mozambique

Alafo

Martí-Soler

Máquina

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Background To eliminate malaria in southern Mozambique, the National Malaria Control Programme and its partners are scaling up indoor residual spraying (IRS) activities in two provinces, Gaza and Inhambane. An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics. Methods Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April–May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June–July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an ‘entomological snapshot’ by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps. Results Five different species or species groups were identified: Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (66.0%), Anopheles gambiae s.l. (14.0%), Anopheles pharoensis (1.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (14.1%) and Anopheles ziemanni (4.5%). Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Anopheles arabiensis was the most abundant vector species within the An. gambiae complex, but none tested positive for P. falciparum infections. Some An. tenebrosus were positive for P. falciparum (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector An. funestus s.s., was found to rest indoors—demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including An. gambiae s.l., An. tenebrosus, An. pharoensis and An. ziemanni, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled. Conclusion The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic An. funestus s.s. was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique.

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“…The outdoor traps were placed in the safest possible outdoor environment: under a tree close to the house, but away from animals and children. Due to suspicion of arboviral disease transmission in Mozambique, which was later confirmed [17,18], no comparisons against human landing catches (HLC) were done. Hence, we discuss here exposure to host-seeking mosquitoes rather than providing human biting rates.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

The mosquito vectors that sustained malaria transmission during the Magude project despite the combined deployment of indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated nets and mass-drug administration

et al. 2022

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The “Magude project” aimed but failed to interrupt local malaria transmission in Magude district, southern Mozambique, by using a comprehensive package of interventions, including indoor residual spraying (IRS), pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and mass-drug administration (MDA). Here we present detailed information on the vector species that sustained malaria transmission, their association with malaria incidence and behaviors, and their amenability to the implemented control interventions. Mosquitoes were collected monthly between May 2015 and October 2017 in six sentinel sites in Magude district, using CDC light traps both indoors and outdoors. Anopheles arabiensis was the main vector during the project, while An. funestus s.s., An. merus, An. parensis and An. squamosus likely played a secondary role. The latter two species have never previously been found positive for Plasmodium falciparum in southern Mozambique. The intervention package successfully reduced vector sporozoite rates in all species throughout the project. IRS was effective in controlling An. funestus s.s. and An. parensis, which virtually disappeared after its first implementation, but less effective at controlling An. arabiensis. Despite suboptimal use, LLINs likely provided significant protection against An. arabiensis and An. merus that sought their host largely indoors when people where in bed. Adding IRS on top of LLINs and MDA likely added value to the control of malaria vectors during the Magude project. Future malaria elimination attempts in the area could benefit from i) increasing the use of LLINs, ii) using longer-lasting IRS products to counteract the increase in vector densities observed towards the end of the high transmission season, and iii) a higher coverage with MDA to reduce the likelihood of human infection. However, additional interventions targeting vectors that survive IRS and LLINs by biting outdoors or indoors before people go to bed, will be likely needed to achieve local malaria elimination.

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First confirmed occurrence of the yellow fever virus and dengue virus vector Aedes (Stegomyia) luteocephalus (Newstead, 1907) in Mozambique

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Overlaying human and mosquito behavioral data to estimate residual exposure to host-seeking mosquitoes and the protection of bednets in a malaria elimination setting where indoor residual spraying and nets were deployed together

Overlaying human and mosquito behavioral data to estimate residual exposure to host-seeking mosquitoes and the protection of bednets in a malaria elimination setting where indoor residual spraying and nets were deployed together

To spray or target mosquitoes another way: focused entomological intelligence guides the implementation of indoor residual spraying in southern Mozambique

The mosquito vectors that sustained malaria transmission during the Magude project despite the combined deployment of indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated nets and mass-drug administration

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