First characterization of Gamkonora gas emission, North Maluku, East Indonesia

Abstract

Gamkonora is an active volcano capable of intense manifestations that regularly forced thousands of inhabitants to flee their villages. The most extreme event in 1673 was a VEI 5 eruption that enduced pich-dark ambiance over the region, whilst ash falls were reported up to south philippines, ~1000 km northwest of the volcano. Paradoxically however, only few work has been carried out on this volcano so far, and little is known about its activity. Here we present the results of the first gas measurement obtained in September 2018 using a MultiGAS instrument and a scanning UV spectrometer. Our results reveal a small but detectable magmatic gas release on Gamkonora, with daily H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S and H2 outputs of 129 t, 13 t, 3.4 t, 1.1 t and 0.03 t respectively. Gas composition is dominated by water (H2O/SO2 ratio of circa 135), as typical for arc volcanos, whilst the CO2/St mean ratio of 3.5 is within the compositional range for high-temperature gas emissions from other volcanoes in Indonesia.Bulk rock analyses indicate that a basaltic andesite to andesite source sustains the current activity of Gamkonora. Morphology analysis points to a possible 5 km 3 mass collapse on the southern part of the crater.

Modest volcanic SO2 emissions from the Indonesian archipelago

“…References for fluid compositions are from Allard et al 1981 56 (Krakatau); Poorter al. 1989 57 (Lowotolo); Giggenbach et al 2001 58 (Merapi, Tangkuban Parahu, Papandayan); Clor et al 2005 59 (Soputan); Aiuppa et al 2015 60 (Bromo); Gunawan et al 2017 61 (Kawah Ijen); Bani et al 2017 62 (Sirung); Bani et al 2017 15 (Dukono); Saing et al 2020 63 (Gamkonora); Kunrat et al 2020 64 (Gamalama); Bani et al 2020 65 (Awu). B The record of sulfur in melt inclusions along the Indonesian arc in respect to the main degassing sources.…”

Sosialisasi Mitigasi Bencana Gempa Bumi dan Simulasi Teknologi Internet of Things (IoT) di Sekolah Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Maluku Tengah

“…Pemahaman masyarakat tentang kegempaan, mitigasi bencana gempa bumi sangat penting untuk diketahui dengan alasan bahwa Indonesia termasuk sebagai salah satu wilayah yang rawan terjadinya gempa bumi hingga dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya tsunami (Ayuningtyas et al, 2021). Kepulauan Indonesia memiliki 127 gunung berapi aktif, yang tersebar di empat busur berbeda, termasuk Sunda, Banda, Busur Maluku, dan Sulawesi-Sangihe (Saing et al, 2020). Di Indonesia bagian timur, lempeng utama yang menyebabkan tingginya kegempaan adalah lempeng Australia yang bergerak ke utara-timur laut relatif terhadap Eurasia, dan Lempeng Pasifik yang bergerak ke arah barat relatif terhadap Australia (DeMets et al, 2010).…”

Elevated CO2 Emissions during Magmatic-Hydrothermal Degassing at Awu Volcano, Sangihe Arc, Indonesia

“…This was the case for Merapi, Tangkuban Perahu, Papandayan, Dieng, Lewotolo and Bromo [1][2][3][4]. Thanks to the advent of new portable and less-energy-demanding instruments, including DOAS [5] UV-Camera [6] and Multi-GAS [7,8], gas measurements in Indonesia have later been extended to several other volcanoes over the last decade, including Semeru [9], Krakatau [10], Kawah Ijen [11], Sirung [12], Dukono [13], Sinabung [14] and Gamkonora [15]. Initial Indonesian arc-scale volcanic SO 2 emission budget estimates were based on the interpolation of sparse field measurements [2,[16][17][18], resulting in large emission ranges between 0.07 and 2.6 Tg/yr.…”

“…Indonesian volcanoes, such as Dukono, (800 t d −1 ;[13]), Bromo (> 160 t d −1 ;[45]) or Krakatau (190 t d −1 ;[10]), but higher than the magmatic degassing at Gamkonora (3.4 t d −1 ;[15]) and the hydrothermal system of Papandayan (1.4 t d −1 ;[51]). SO 2 flux obtained from two hours of scanning DOAS.…”