First and Second Generation Production of Bio‐Adipic Acid

Life cycle assessment of adipic acid production from lignin

“…Cis,cis-muconic acid is accumulated at a molar yield close to 100% and a titer of 40 g/L, in line with previous studies. 24,36 Additional details used for the process simulation are available in Table S5.…”

“…cis,cis-Muconic acid readily precipitates at a pH below its second pKa value of 3.03. 36 Sulfuric acid is used as an acidifying agent. pH-shift driven crystallization is performed at a temperature of 5°C and pressure of 1 atm.…”

“…lignin is made available by discounting any upstream environmental burden). 36 Other studies rely on questionable allocation keys to divide the upstream impacts between main biorefinery product and lignin. 53,54 ISO 14044 describes a hierarchical approach on how to deal with multifunctional processes, favoring subdivision of the multifunctional process if possible, applying system expansion, or as a last resort, using allocation and identifying an allocation key that represents the physical-causality relationship between the co-products.…”

Techno-economic assessment for the large-scale production of colloidal lignin particles

“…Such an approach assumes that lignin is produced as a waste stream in pulp mills and biorefineries and as a result there is zero impact occurring by its use in the process (i.e., the upstream environmental burdens are not considered). 39 Typically, in pulp mills and bio-refineries lignin is recovered as a side product and owing to its good heating value is extracted from black liquor and combusted in a boiler to generate energy in the form of steam and electricity. The average lifecycle GHG emissions when lignin is used as an energy source onsite at the biorefinery is 0.038 kg CO 2 eq/MJ 40 and in case of energy generation using renewable wind energy is 0.0072 kg CO 2 eq/MJ.…”

Metabolic Engineering of the Shikimate Pathway for Production of Aromatics and Derived Compounds—Present and Future Strain Construction Strategies

“…Among shikimate pathway derived compounds, feedstocks for polymer industry are most popular, with cis , cis -muconic acid (ccMA) as biological precursor for the nylon-6,6 building block adipic acid leading the way (Chen and Nielsen, 2013 ; Polen et al, 2013 ; Van Duuren and Wittmann, 2014 ; Xie et al, 2014 ; Bart and Cavallaro, 2015a , b ; Deng et al, 2016 ). Biotechnological production of ccMA offers a promising alternative to chemical synthesis of adipic acid as conversion to adipic acid is easy and efficient (Polen et al, 2013 ; Deng et al, 2016 ; Vardon et al, 2016 ).…”