Firm-Specific Assets, Multinationality, and Financial Performance: A Meta-analytic Review and Theoretical Integration

Home country institutions and the internationalization of state owned enterprises: A cross-country analysis

“…These results may be interpreted as testimony to the importance of access to valuable resources in order to create transferable ownership advantages when investing abroad (Dunning, 1993, Kirca et al, 2012, irrespective of ownership. R&D intensity indicates that, on balance, firms that invest in building innovative capabilities may be better positioned to reap the benefits of international competition, as one would expect given the importance of firm-specific advantages in explaining FDI (Dunning, 1993).…”

“…It contributes to the theory of the MNE by offering explanations for why and how home country institutions moderate the impact of ownership on international strategies. Traditional work on the MNE often makes the implicit assumption that the home context has a neutral effect, and that internationalization is driven by firm-specific resources (Kirca et al, 2012), though resources of the home country have recently been recognized as a source of such firm-specific resources (Nielsen & Nielsen, 2010;Wan, 2005). Some scholars of specific contexts have also pointed to government policy may help firms mobilize resources, for example in Japan in the 1960s/1970s (Yang et al, 2009) and China in the 2000s (Buckley et al, 2007, Wang et al, 2012b.…”

“…We moreover controlled for firm size, measured as the logarithm of the firm's assets, and for firm age, measured as 2010 minus the year of foundation. As the firm's own resources and capabilities constitutes a key driver of internationalization (Kirca et al, 2012), we also included R&D intensity, measured as R&D expenditures as a percentage of sales, in the analysis. However, since this variable was missing for a relatively large proportion of the sample, we followed prior research (e.g.…”

Internationalization and firm performance in Chindia: a meta-analytic review

“…However, so far, there has been no empirical research comparing the impact of different internationalization strategies in Chindia countries and advanced countries. Kirca, Hult, Roth, Cavusgil, Perryy, Akdeniz, and White (2011) argue that since emerging countries lack firmspecific assets they are less likely to generate a higher yield from those assets than developed countries. In addition, they state that developed country firms are more likely to internalize their firm specific assets.…”

The Competences of HR Managers and their Impact on the Organizational Success of MNCs' Subsidiaries in the CEE Region

“…Kirca et al (2011) claim that multinationality provides the most ef¿ cient governance structure for transferring the valuable, rare, inimitable, nonsubstitutable resources of a company (technological know-how, management and marketing skills) across country borders within a ¿ rm and that these transfers have positive impacts on ¿ rms' pro¿ tability. Ferner, Edwards and Tempel (2011) emphasize that MNCs are complex organizations, marked by the dispersion of power among groups, functions and operating units.…”