Firing patterns of abducens neurons of alert monkeys in relationship to horizontal eye movement.

Fuchs, Albert F.; Luschei, Erich S.

doi:10.1152/jn.1970.33.3.382

Cited by 338 publications

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“…We know of no previous attempts to measure the reliability of motor command signals generated by individual neurons during a saccadic eye movement. The reliability of the discharge of oculomotor motoneurons in cat and monkey has been examined during the fixation period between saccades (5,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In monkey, one study (17) reported standard deviations of motoneuron discharge rate ranging from 3.7 to 13.5 with a mean of 6.4 when expressed as a percentage of mean interval, and similar values are reported by others (5,16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reliability of the discharge of oculomotor motoneurons in cat and monkey has been examined during the fixation period between saccades (5,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In monkey, one study (17) reported standard deviations of motoneuron discharge rate ranging from 3.7 to 13.5 with a mean of 6.4 when expressed as a percentage of mean interval, and similar values are reported by others (5,16). Similar studies in cat (18)(19)(20) found that variability increased in proportion to the duration of the fixation and that the firing rate during repeated fixation at the same eye position was affected significantly by the direction of the preceding saccade and by the animal's level of alertness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability of oculomotor command signals carried by individual neurons

Jiang

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The responses of sensory neurons to repeated presentations of identical stimuli can be highly reproducible. Little is known about the reliability of the motor command signals carried by individual premotor neurons. We measured the variability in the interspike intervals of the high-frequency, saccade-related bursts generated by neurons in the pontine reticular formation. During movements having similar amplitudes and velocity profiles, the interspike intervals of the high-frequency component of the bursts are very similar. The low variability in interspike intervals cannot be attributed to a burst mode characterized by fixed interspike times. Different, but repeatable, burst patterns are observed when movements having approximately the same amplitude but different velocity profiles occur. These findings suggest that the discharge of a single pontine cell is strongly correlated with the activity of other pontine burst cells. Both the high temporal precision of the saccade-related bursts and the correlated activity of pontine burst cells reduce variability in the signals sent to the motoneuron pools and, thereby, contribute to the accuracy and precision of saccadic eye movements.monkey ͉ saccade ͉ pons

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of oculomotor command signals carried by individual neurons

Jiang

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…All abducens neurons recorded in mammals fire in the form of pulse step (Fuchs and Luschei, 1970;Schiller, 1970;Delgado-Garcia et al, 1986;Stahl and Simpson, 1995), whereas abducens neurons recorded in birds discharge sustained firing and/or several bursts. The present study revealed that sustained firing in abducens cells originates from the OKNrelated nLM/nBOR, whereas bursting activity originates from the saccade-related raphe complex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, horizontal eye movements are mainly actuated by the lateral and medial rectus muscles, which are innervated by motoneurons in the abducens nucleus and the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. These neurons in mammals discharge in a phasictonic pattern around the saccade (Fuchs and Luschei, 1970;Robinson, 1970;Schiller, 1970;Delgado-Garcia et al, 1986;Stahl and Simpson, 1995). The phasic and tonic signals originate from several midbrain and brainstem structures including the paramedian pontine reticular formation (Fuchs et al, 1985;Fukushima et al, 1992;Moschovakis et al, 1996;Moschovakis, 1997;Sparks, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal Circuitry and Discharge Patterns Controlling Eye Movements in the Pigeon

Yang

Wang³

2008

J. Neurosci.

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Horizontal eye movements in humans and other vertebrates are actuated by the lateral and medial rectus muscles that are innervated by the abducens and oculomotor nuclei. Here we show by single-cell recording in the pigeon that there exist three types of abducens neurons in terms of discharge patterns, which generate the shift and/or oscillation components of a horizontal saccadic eye movement. Shiftrelated neurons discharged sustained firing around saccadic shift, oscillation-related neurons produced several bursts accompanying saccadic oscillations, and saccade-related neurons discharged both sustained firing and several bursts perisaccadically. Oscillation-and saccade-related neurons were each divided into two groups according to their firing behaviors during nasotemporal saccades: bursting activity began before (leading) or after (lagging) the onset of saccades. Abducens neurons in the lagging group but not those in the leading group were activated by antidromic stimulation of the contralateral oculomotor nucleus. Blockade of the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali and the nucleus of the basal optic root, both of which are involved in optokinetic nystagmus, abolished sustained firing in abducens neurons and shift component of saccades, whereas blockade of the saccade-related raphe complex eliminated bursting activity in abducens neurons and oscillation component of saccades. The present study revealed oculomotor circuitry in the pigeon, in which the optokinetic nuclei and the raphe complex send differential signals to abducens neurons to generate three types of discharge patterns, and thereby initiate the shift and oscillation components of a horizontal saccade.

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“…Conceptually, bioengineering approaches, using systems analytical techniques, were combined with anatomical and physiological data, to develop biologically plausible models, replacing the Bblack box^approach to neural modeling. The involvement of bioengineers in eye movement research, exemplified by David A Robinson, enticed basic and clinical neuroscientists to adopt the Bengineering approach^to understanding normal brain function and human disease [27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

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confidence: 99%

Eye Movement Research in the Twenty-First Century—a Window to the Brain, Mind, and More

Shaikh

Zee

2017

Cerebellum

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The study of eye movements not only addresses debilitating neuro-ophthalmological problems but has become an essential tool of basic neuroscience research. Eye movements are a classic way to evaluate brain function-traditionally in disorders affecting the brainstem and cerebellum. Abnormalities of eye movements have localizing value and help narrow the differential diagnosis of complex neurological problems. More recently, using sophisticated behavioral paradigms, measurement of eye movements has also been applied to disorders of the thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Moreover, in contemporary neuroscience, eye movements play a key role in understanding cognition, behavior, and disorders of the mind. Examples include applications to higher-level decision-making processes as in neuroeconomics and psychiatric and cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Eye movements have become valued as objective biomarkers to monitor the natural progression of disease and the effects of therapies. As specific genetic defects are identified for many neurological disorders, ocular motor function often becomes the cornerstone of phenotypic classification and differential diagnosis. Here, we introduce other important applications of eye movement research, including understanding movement disorders affecting the head and limbs. We also emphasize the need to develop standardized test batteries for eye movements of all types including the vestibulo-ocular responses. The evaluation and treatment of patients with cerebellar ataxia are particularly amenable to such an approach.Keywords Saccade . Vestibulo-ocular reflex . Pursuit Eye movements are critical for the survival of any animal that sees. Promptly bringing an image to the fovea of an object that suddenly intrudes into one's periphery, and then keeping the image stable on the fovea, allows the cognitive brain to analyze the visual scene in a tenth of a second. In this way, it can generate an immediate, and sometimes life or death, decision whether to flee, fight, embrace, or just do nothing. Neural correlates of eye movements are found in almost every corner of the brain, helping to provide the most reliable information from our visual systems for all aspects of behavior.Using eye movements to understand human disease extends back to at least the mid-nineteenth century when early reports of strabismus [1][2][3][4][5] and nystagmus [4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] appeared. Nevertheless, in the years following, for almost another century, the literature on eye movements was meager. In the mid1940s, however, the number of publications on nystagmus and strabismus began to grow (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/?term = nystagmus, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/?term = strabismus), and in the mid-1960s, there was another growth spurt with more studies reporting various types of dysfunction of eye movements in conditions affecting the brainstem or cerebellum. Topics such as adaptive control of eye movements and the central role of normal and

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Firing patterns of abducens neurons of alert monkeys in relationship to horizontal eye movement.

Cited by 338 publications

References 0 publications

Reliability of oculomotor command signals carried by individual neurons

Reliability of oculomotor command signals carried by individual neurons

Neuronal Circuitry and Discharge Patterns Controlling Eye Movements in the Pigeon

Eye Movement Research in the Twenty-First Century—a Window to the Brain, Mind, and More

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