Fire Smart DDE Polymers

Abstract

The chemistry and properties of polymers containing the “fire smart” moiety 1,1-dichloro-2,2-diphenylethene (DDE) are described. These polymers are typically derived from the bisphenol of chloral (bisphenol-C/BPC) and are low cost, easily processed, and have good mechanical properties and toughness under normal conditions. Under fire conditions, the DDE group undergoes an intramolecular rearrangement with the elimination of hydrogen chloride (a noncombustible gas) and intermolecular crosslinking to form an aromatic char residue in high yield. The flammability and mechanical properties of DDE-containing polymers are described.

Studying the effect of the chloral group on the thermal and physical properties of aromatic cyanate esters

“…13 C NMR spectra were obtained by Bruker AV-300 spectrometer operating at 75 MHz. Depending on the solubility, CDCl 3 and D 6 -DMSO were used to prepare samples using TMS as an internal standard.…”

“…The blends exhibited improvements in physical and mechanical properties, e.g. both tensile strength and hardness remained stable even at the point of charring and epoxies based on bisphenol C were reported to be self extinguishing and of potential interest for aerospace and similar applications [13]. During the next decade bisphenol C was investigate in more depth within several research programmes to identify non-burning plastics yielding patents [14,15].…”

Use of chitosan for removal of bisphenol A and bisphenol derivatives through tyrosinase‐catalyzed quinone oxidation

“…When waste plastics produced form BPA are buried in a landfill, a hydrolytic or leaching process may occur to release BPA to the leachate. [14][15][16] Recently the bisphenol derivatives such as bisphenol B (BPB), 17 bisphenol C (BPC), [18][19][20][21] bisphenol E (BPE), 22,23 bisphenol F (BPF), [24][25][26] bisphenol O (BPO), 27 bisphenol S (BPS), [28][29][30] bisphenol T (BPT), 31,32 and bisphenol Z (BPZ) 33,34 shown in Figure 1 have come into wide use for synthesis of specialized epoxy and polycarbonate resins with more high-performance compared with ordinary ones. Although these bisphenol derivatives have two phenol groups in common, the chemical structure between phenol groups is different.…”

Steady heat release rate by the moment–area method

“…Also tested were lamina and laminates of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (RTP) and thermosetting resin (RTS) composites. Table I lists the sample thickness, the number of specimens tested at each thickness, the range of external heat flux for the tests, and the general composition of the samples, most of which have been reported in the literature [13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

“…Equations (9), (11), (13), and (15) define temporal averages of the dependent variable computed from the moments and area of its history. In the following sections we calculate these averages for time-based HRR data obtained from fire calorimeters and discuss their significance.…”