Fire Safety Evaluation of High-Pressure Ammonia Storage Systems

Chung, Yong-Ho; Lee, Won-Ju; Kang, Jun; Yoon, Sung Hwan

doi:10.3390/en15020520

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The first is the requirement for a high minimum ignition energy (MIE). Hydrogen can be ignited at a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio with an MIE of 0.02 mJ, whereas ammonia requires an Gases 2023, 3 MIE of 8 mJ for ignition [2]. This can be a problem for the development of the initial flame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Hydrogen on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Ammonia Direct Injection Engine

Park,

Jang,

Kim

et al. 2023

Gases

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Because ammonia is easier to store and transport over long distances than hydrogen, it is a promising research direction as a potential carrier for hydrogen. However, its low ignition and combustion rates pose challenges for running conventional ignition engines solely on ammonia fuel over the entire operational range. In this study, we attempted to identify a stable engine combustion zone using a high-pressure direct injection of ammonia fuel into a 2.5 L spark ignition engine and examined the potential for extending the operational range by adding hydrogen. As it is difficult to secure combustion stability in a low-temperature atmosphere, the experiment was conducted in a sufficiently-warmed atmosphere (90 ± 2.5 °C), and the combustion, emission, and efficiency results under each operating condition were experimentally compared. At 1500 rpm, the addition of 10% hydrogen resulted in a notable 20.26% surge in the maximum torque, reaching 263.5 Nm, in contrast with the case where only ammonia fuel was used. Furthermore, combustion stability was ensured at a torque of 140 Nm by reducing the fuel and air flow rates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Hydrogen on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Ammonia Direct Injection Engine

Park,

Jang,

Kim

et al. 2023

Gases

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“…Ammonia is an inorganic compound with a wide range of applications. Despite its toxic, corrosive and flammable properties (Chung et al 2022) it is used, inter alia, in the pharmaceutical industry (Salamonowicz et al 2022), artificial fertilizers (Rosa et al 2021) and industrial freezing (Ubowska 2018). In recent years, the world has seen an increasing production of ammonia, which in 2020 exceeded the value of 185•109 kg (Intern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of mist nozzle supply pressure on the ammonia absorption process

2023

Archives of Environmental Protection

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The article shows the effect of the supply pressure of mist nozzles on the process of ammonia sorption. In the tests, the nozzles flow characteristics Q=f(p) and the dependence of NH 3 concentration as a function of the water stream feeding in time at different supply pressures were determined. For the TF 6 NN, TF 6 V, NF 15, CW 50 nozzles, measurements were carried out at the following supply pressures: 0.1 MPa; 0.2 MPa; 0.3 MPa; 0.4 MPa; 0.5 MPa. It was observed that the greatest effect of nozzle feed pressure on ammonia sorption efficiency may be expected at lower pressure values. At higher values, the sorption rate becomes stabilized and even starts to decrease. The decreases in the sorption rate constant observed for higher pressures may be due to a reduction contact time of the droplet and the achievement of the critical mixing rate of ammonia vapors in the air intensively saturated with water streams. This is due to diffusion rate limitations. The measurements show that the use of supply pressures for mist nozzles above 0.4 MPa is not justified. It should be noted that varying the feed pressure of nozzles of various designs can affect their ammonia sorption efficiency differently. The type of nozzle and supply pressure affects the distribution of droplets in space. The angle of dispersion and the shape of the generated jet have a critical influence on the efficiency of the sorption process. Complete filling of the space and a large spray angle assure relatively high sorption efficiency.

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Evaluation of ammonia fueled engine for a bulk carrier in marine decarbonization pathways

Ejder

Arslanoğlu²

2022

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Fire Safety Evaluation of High-Pressure Ammonia Storage Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Influence of Hydrogen on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Ammonia Direct Injection Engine

Influence of Hydrogen on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Ammonia Direct Injection Engine

Effect of mist nozzle supply pressure on the ammonia absorption process

Evaluation of ammonia fueled engine for a bulk carrier in marine decarbonization pathways

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