Fire risk of dripping flame: Piloted ignition and soaking effect

Sun, Peiyi; Jia, Yifan; Zhang, Xiaoning; Huang, Xinyan

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103360

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Furthermore, SFF80–GB20 mostly maintains its original shape during and after exposure to the flame. This behavior is in strong contrast with conventional polymers, for which the melt-dripping phenomenon (i.e., the release of molten flaming droplets) can occur and contribute to the spreading of the fire …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…This behavior is in strong contrast with conventional polymers, for which the melt-dripping phenomenon (i.e., the release of molten flaming droplets) can occur and contribute to the spreading of the fire. 59 Fire retardancy and thermal stability of the SFF80−GB20 is presumably a result of the highly dispersed and well-oriented layered gibbsite phase, which promotes the formation of thermally stable organic−inorganic structures. These structures essentially hinder the release of decomposition products that feed the flame, thus the combustion cannot be sustained and the flame extinguishes.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rapidly Prepared Nanocellulose Hybrids as Gas Barrier, Flame Retardant, and Energy Storage Materials

Gorur

Françon

Sethi

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hybrid materials show great promise as sustainable alternatives to oil-based plastics owing to their abundance and renewability. Nonetheless, despite the enormous success achieved in preparing CNF hybrids at the laboratory scale, feasible implementation of these materials remains a major challenge due to the time-consuming and energy-intensive extraction and processing of CNFs. Here, we describe a scalable materials processing platform for rapid preparation (<10 min) of homogeneously distributed functional CNF−gibbsite and CNF−graphite hybrids through a pH-responsive self-assembly mechanism, followed by their application in gas barrier, flame retardancy, and energy storage materials. Incorporation of 5 wt % gibbsite results in strong, transparent, and oxygen barrier CNF−gibbsite hybrid films in 9 min. Increasing the gibbsite content to 20 wt % affords them self-extinguishing properties, while further lowering their dewatering time to 5 min. The strategy described herein also allows for the preparation of freestanding CNF−graphite hybrids (90 wt % graphite) that match the energy storage performance (330 mA h/g at low cycling rates) and processing speed (3 min dewatering) of commercial graphite anodes. Furthermore, these ecofriendly electrodes can be fully recycled, reformed, and reused while maintaining their initial performance. Overall, this versatile concept combines a green outlook with high processing speed and material performance, paving the way toward scalable processing of advanced ecofriendly hybrid materials.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapidly Prepared Nanocellulose Hybrids as Gas Barrier, Flame Retardant, and Energy Storage Materials

Gorur

Françon

Sethi

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The flammability, fire retardancy, and anti-dripping behavior of EP and EPV composites were evaluated using LOI and UL-94 vertical burning tests [32][33][34], and the corresponding results are presented in Table 3 and Figures 2 and 3. It is seen that the LOI value of EP is only 23.4%, and it burns violently after ignition with severe dripping fire behavior, which is considered as a significant fire hazard [35]. With the incorporation of MFAPP at a low loading (2.5%), EP/MFAPP2.5% still burns out (no rating) in the UL-94 test but no dripping occurred (Figure 2).…”

Section: Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of the Fire-Retardant Potential of Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate in Epoxy Vitrimer Containing Dynamic Disulfide Bonds

Shao

Li²,

Xiao

et al. 2023

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epoxy vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy thermoset composites. Nevertheless, the possibilities of applying these materials are limited due to their high flammability which may cause high fire risks. To date, the flame-retardant epoxy vitrimer systems reported in the literature almost all rely on intrinsic flame retardancy to achieve high fire safety; however, the complex and expensive synthesis process hinders their large-scale application. In this work, disulfide-based epoxy vitrimer (EPV) was fabricated with 4, 4′-dithiodianiline as the curing agent, and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP) was employed as a potential additive flame retardant to improve their fire retardancy. As a comparative study, common epoxy (EP) composites were also prepared using 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The results showed that the introduction of dynamic disulfide bonds led to a reduction in the initial thermal decomposition temperature of EPV by around 70 °C compared to EP. Moreover, the addition of 7.5 wt.% of MFAPP endowed EP with excellent fire performance: the LOI value was as high as 29.9% and the V-0 rating was achieved in the UL-94 test (3.2 mm). However, under the same loading, although EPV/MFAPP7.5% showed obvious anti-dripping performance, it did not reach any rating in the UL-94 test. The flame-retardant mechanisms in the condensed phase were evaluated using SEM-EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the residue of EPV/MFAPP7.5% presented numerous holes during burning, which failed to form a continuous and dense char layer as a physical barrier resulting in relatively poor flame retardancy compared to EP/MFAPP7.5%.

show abstract