Fire retardancy of polymer clay nanocomposites: Is there an influence of the nanomorphology?

Samyn, Fabienne; Bourbigot, Serge; Jama, Charafeddine; Bellayer, Séverine

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.02.013

Cited by 84 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Similar values for pHRR, time to pHRR and THR are obtained for PA6 and flame-retarded PA6 taking into account the margin of error (10%). The calculated standard deviation indicates the good repeatability of the experiments, and the results concerning neat PA6 are similar to those already reported in the literature [12]; thus, we are confident with the obtained data. However, the obtained results may be surprising, since it was previously demonstrated that pHRR measured in the MCC was decreased by around 30% compared with PA6.…”

Section: Cone Calorimetrysupporting

confidence: 91%

Flame Retardancy of PA6 Using a Guanidine Sulfamate/Melamine Polyphosphate Mixture

et al. 2015

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Polyamide 6 (PA6) is a widely-used polymer that could find applications in various sectors, including home textiles, transportation or construction. However, due to its organic nature, PA6 is flammable, and flame-retardant formulations have to be developed to comply with fire safety standards. Recently, it was proposed to use ammonium sulfamate as an effective flame retardant for PA6, even at low loading content. However, processing issues could occur with this additive considering large-scale production. This paper thus studies the use of another sulfamate salt-guanidine sulfamate (GAS)-and evidences its high efficiency when combined with melamine polyphosphate (MPP) as a flame retardant for PA6. A decrease of the peak of the heat release rate by 30% compared to pure PA6 was obtained using only 5 wt% of a GAS/MPP mixture in a microscale calorimeter. Moreover, PA6 containing the mixture GAS/MPP exhibits a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 37 vol% and is rated V0 for the UL 94 test (Vertical Burning Test; ASTM D 3801). The mechanisms of degradation were investigated analyzing the gas phase and solid phase when the material degrades. It was proposed that MPP and GAS modify the degradation pathway of PA6, leading to the formation of nitrile end-group-containing molecules. Moreover, the formation of a polyaromatic structure by the reaction of MPP and PA6 was also shown. OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2015, 7 317

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Section: Cone Calorimetrysupporting

confidence: 91%

Flame Retardancy of PA6 Using a Guanidine Sulfamate/Melamine Polyphosphate Mixture

et al. 2015

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“…As discussed before, a high content of ATH in polymers can adversely affect some mechanical properties; it often decreases their tensile strength. 39 An increase in the clay content (e.g., MMT-I28 from 6 to 10 wt %), has no effect on tensile strength, but increases the hardness and reduces the elongation at break. The higher ATH contents of 43 and 47 wt % with 10 wt % of clay, especially for MMT-I28 and 20 clays, show higher tensile strength and elongation at break and almost the same hardness than the reference sample with 53 wt % of ATH.…”

Section: Physical-mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural characterization of LDPE/EVA blends containing nanoclay‐flame retardant combinations

Ramı́rez-Vargas

Sánchez-Valdés

Parra-Tabla

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The combination of different types of organo-modified montmorillonite (MMT) with aluminum hydroxide (aluminum trihydrate-ATH), as a flame retardant system for polyethylene-ethylene vinyl acetate (LDPE/ EVA), blends were studied. Five different types of organically modified montmorillonite clays, each with different modifier, were used. The structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy in transmission mode (STEM). The mechanical and rheological properties were also evaluated. The XRD analysis showed a clear displacement of the d 001 signal, which indicates a good degree of intercalation, especially for the MMT-I28 and MMT-20, from Nanocor and Southern Clay Products, respectively. The presence of ATH and the compatibilizer did not have any effect on the exfoliation of the studied samples. The thermal stability and flame retardant properties were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI-ASTM D2863), and flammability tests (Underwriters Laboratory-UL-94). The effect of different compatibilizers on the clay dispersion and exfoliation was studied. The results indicated that the addition of montmorillonite makes it possible to substitute part of the ATH filler content while maintaining the flame retardant requirements. The thermal stability of MMT/ATH-filled LDPE/EVA blends presented a slight increase over the reference ATH-filled LDPE/EVA blend. Compositions with higher clay content (10 wt %) showed better physicochemical properties. The increased stability of the higher clay content compositions results from the greater inorganic residual formation; this material has been reported to impart better performance in flammability tests. The mechanical properties and flame retardancy remained similar to those of the reference compound. The reduced ATH content resulted in lower viscosities and densities, facilitating the processing of the polymer/ATH/clay compounds. Extrusion of these compounds produced a lower pressure in the extrusion head and required reduced electrical power consumption.

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“…Char formation in cone experiments corroborates the observations during UL94 tests, where a char structure formed during burning was observed for the nanocomposites but not for the virgin PS. [30] where it was observed that polyamide-6/organoclay nanocomposites exhibit significant reduction of Peak HRR but the nanomorphology (exfoliation, intercalation and presence of tactoids) did not play any significant role. It means that if the nanodispersion is achieved, the polymer/organoclay nanocomposite should exhibit flame retardancy properties, at least in terms of Peak HRR.…”

Section: Ul94 Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swelling of organoclays in styrene. Effect on flammability in polystyrene nanocomposites

Timochenco¹,

Grassi²,

Pizzol³

et al. 2010

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In this work the effect of the compatibility between organoclays and styrene on the flammability of polystyrene/clay nanocomposites obtained through in situ incorporation was investigated. The reactions were carried out by bulk polymerization. The compatibility between organoclays and styrene was inferred from swelling of the organoclay in styrene. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The heat release rate was obtained by Cone Calorimeter and the nanocomposites were tested by UL94 horizontal burn test. Results showed that intercalated and partially exfoliated polystyrene/clay nanocomposites were obtained depending on the swelling behavior of the organoclay in styrene. The nanocomposites submitted to UL94 burning test presented a burning rate faster than the virgin polystyrene (PS), however an increase of the decomposition temperature and an accentuated decrease on the peak of heat release of the nanocomposites were also observed compared to virgin PS. These results indicate that PS/clay nanocomposites, either intercalated or partially exfoliated, reduced the flammability approximately by the same extent, although reduced the ignition resistance of the PS.

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Fire retardancy of polymer clay nanocomposites: Is there an influence of the nanomorphology?

Cited by 84 publications

References 19 publications

Flame Retardancy of PA6 Using a Guanidine Sulfamate/Melamine Polyphosphate Mixture

Flame Retardancy of PA6 Using a Guanidine Sulfamate/Melamine Polyphosphate Mixture

Structural characterization of LDPE/EVA blends containing nanoclay‐flame retardant combinations

Swelling of organoclays in styrene. Effect on flammability in polystyrene nanocomposites

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