Fire property and charring behavior of high impact polystyrene containing expandable graphite and microencapsulated red phosphorus

Liu, Jichun; Zhang, Yanbin; Peng, Shuangjie; Pan, Bingli; Lu, Chunmei; Liu, Hongyu; Ma, Junying; Niu, Q. Jason

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.018

Cited by 47 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Undoubtedly, this will inhibit degradation of polymer and decrease supply of volatile gases to fire. Consequently, the HIPS/EG15/MRP5 composite displays much better flame retardancy than the HIPS/EG20 composite, which has been shown in our previous paper …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the experiment, the flame was maintained at a constant length of 40 mm to ensure that the heat from flame is uniform. The heat flux of the flame is around 60 kW/m 2 , which is determined according to the procedure described in our previous work . As shown in Figure A, first of all, flame was projected onto top surface of the EG‐containing embedded polymer composite and maintained for 10 minutes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Compared with other researches in literature, the originality of this work lies in two aspects: (a) We have made a detailed investigation on the thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability of different intumescent chars, and (b) given a reasonable explanation for the change, by directly projecting flame onto the intumescent chars covered on the surface of composites with embedded thermocouples in different locations along thickness direction, the thermal‐insulating effect of intumescent char layer can be determined and compared effectively. This will help to understand the increased flame‐retardant effect of HIPS/EG composite induced by RP, which has been rendered in detail in our previous research …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The reported halogen‐free flame retardants for HIPS in literature include metal hydroxide, RP, EG, and the combination of different flame retardants . In our previous investigation, it has been shown that EG has some flame‐retarding effect and good smoke‐suppressing effect on HIPS by itself but its flame‐retardant efficiency is rather low and up to 50‐wt% EG is required to achieve V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 vertical burning test. The replacement of EG by a small amount of microencapsulated RP (MRP) can increase flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the HIPS/EG composite considerably.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

Liu

Chang

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary This paper is aimed to illustrate the structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant polymers containing expandable graphite (EG). For this purpose, high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) flame retarded by EG individually or in combination with microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) was prepared. The results indicate that the intumescent char from HIPS/EG/MRP composite, which contains a small amount of phosphorus element and more oxygen element, is much more compact and continuous than that from HIPS/EG composite with identical loading of flame retardant due to binding effect of phosphoric acid and its derivatives. The intumescent char produced by HIPS/EG/MRP composite exhibits much enhanced thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability as well as thermal‐insulating effect, which can withstand destruction of heat and oxygen effectively and thus provide a good fire‐proof barrier. The temperature beneath this intumescent char is decreased significantly in case of action by flame. By comparison, the porous and loose intumescent char generated by HIPS/EG composite has poor thermo‐oxidative endurance, and most of it can be consumed in air at high temperature without effective protection for the polymer. This has resulted in remarkable increase in flame retardancy of the HIPS/EG/MRP composite.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

Liu

Chang

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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“…For the samples containing APP and MCAPP, dense char layers are formed during combustion. Compared with E‐A75, sample E‐MA75 produces a denser, thicker, and higher residue char layer . The well‐structured char layer shows great efficiency as a barrier to isolate heat and oxygen and prevent the underlying materials from experiencing further combustion in a fire, leading to better fire resistance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foams coated with ethanediol‐modified melamine–formaldehyde resin and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate

Zhang

Han

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Melamine–formaldehyde resin was modified by ethylene glycol to decrease the amount of free formaldehyde and extend the storage time. The modified resin (EMF) was further used to prepare microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPP). The structures of both EMF and MCAPP were well characterized. Afterward, EMF and MCAPP were mixed and coated on the surface of pre‐expanded polystyrene particles to prepare flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foams (EPS). Both water resistance and impact strength were enhanced by the presence of MCAPP, and the flammability of the samples was also significantly improved. For the sample containing 75 phr MCAPP, the limiting oxygen index value was increased to 31.4% with a V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 vertical burning test. Cone calorimeter tests showed that the peak heat release rate of the sample declined sharply to 172.7 kW/m2, which is 81.6% lower than that of neat EPS. The smoke production of EPS foams during combustion was suppressed by the presence of MCAPP, and the thermal stability was also improved. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the char layer of the flame‐retardant sample after combustion became compact with negligible voids or cracks, which could further form an isolation barrier to prevent both heat and flame transfer. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46471.

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Butyltriphenylphosphine‐based chelate borates influenced on flame retardancy of polystyrene composite containing self‐expanded intumescent flame retardants

Guo

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The polystyrene (PS) composite containing self‐expanded intumescent flame retardant (polyphosphate ammonium and expandable graphite) was blended with three butyltriphenylphosphine‐based chelate borates, respectively, to evaluate their effect on flame retardancy. The chemical structure of as‐prepared three chelate borates was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). The flame retardancy of various PS composites was evaluated by vertical burning test (UL‐94), limited oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter (CC). Flammability and combustion results suggested that one of chelate borates, named [BTP][BMB], made PS composite (PS4) obtain V‐0 rating, 27.0 ± 0.3% LOI value, and reduction on heat release and smoke production with 17 wt% total flame retardants loading. The combustion residue was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and FTIR, and the pyrolysis gaseous products were investigated by TG‐FTIR technique. Besides, complex viscosity of PS composites composed of various chelate borates from a rheology instrument indicated that the improvements of flame retardancy of PS composites depended on the temperature of construction of crosslinked network by expandable graphite, which the chelate borates showed distinctive influence. Accordingly, the flame‐retarding mechanism about fast response to flame has been proposed.

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Fire property and charring behavior of high impact polystyrene containing expandable graphite and microencapsulated red phosphorus

Cited by 47 publications

References 31 publications

Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

Structure and thermal property of intumescent char produced by flame‐retardant high‐impact polystyrene/expandable graphite/microencapsulated red phosphorus composite

Flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foams coated with ethanediol‐modified melamine–formaldehyde resin and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate

Butyltriphenylphosphine‐based chelate borates influenced on flame retardancy of polystyrene composite containing self‐expanded intumescent flame retardants

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