Fire hazard in bridges: Review, assessment and repair strategies

Garlock, María Eugenia Moreyra; Payá-Zaforteza, Ignacio; Kodur, Venkatesh; Gu, Li

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.002

Cited by 227 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For the data shown in Figure 35, the maximum absolute error between the measured test stress-strain curve and the Ramberg-Osgood models is about 20 N/mm 2 for both Eqs (2) and (3) and Eqs (2) and (4), though this corresponds to a point on the early part of the stress-strain curve where stress is varying rapidly with strain. The mean absolute error over the full range of data is 3.3 N/mm 2 for Eqs (2) and (3) and 4.8 N/mm 2 for Eqs (2) and (4). Average values for the strain hardening parameters n, m and n 0.2,1.0 obtained from the tests performed in the present study are reported in Table 6.…”

Section: Room Temperature Stress-strain Curvesmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…This is an important gap in technical knowledge, especially since the protection of key infrastructure elements is becoming increasingly important. As described by Garlock et al [4], the majority of fires that occur on bridges are hydrocarbon fires, often as a result of spillage from crashed oil tankers. These hydrocarbon fires are characterised by high heating rates, which means failure can occur only a short time after ignition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Gardner

Francis

et al. 2016

Construction and Building Materials

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Corrosion of carbon steel reinforcing bar can lead to deterioration of concrete structures, especially in regions where road salt is heavily used or in areas close to sea water. Although stainless steel reinforcing bar costs more than carbon steel, its selective use for high risk elements is cost-effective when the whole life costs of the structure are taken into account. Considerations for specifying stainless steel reinforcing bars and a review of applications are presented herein. Attention is then given to the elevated temperature properties of stainless steel reinforcing bars, which are needed for structural fire design, but have been unexplored to date. A programme of isothermal and anisothermal tensile tests on four types of stainless steel reinforcing bar is described: 1.4307 (304L), 1.4311 (304LN), 1.4162 (LDX 2101  ) and 1.4362 (2304). Bars of diameter 12 mm and 16 mm were studied, plain round and ribbed. Reduction factors were calculated for the key strength, stiffness and ductility properties and compared to equivalent factors for stainless steel plate and strip, as well as those for carbon steel reinforcement. The test results demonstrate that the reduction factors for 0.2% proof strength, strength at 2% strain and ultimate strength derived for stainless steel plate and strip can also be applied to stainless steel reinforcing bar. Revised reduction factors for ultimate strain and fracture strain at elevated temperatures have been proposed. The ability of two-stage Ramberg-Osgood expressions to capture accurately the stress-strain response of stainless steel reinforcement at both room temperature and elevated temperatures is also demonstrated.

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Section: Room Temperature Stress-strain Curvesmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Gardner

Francis

et al. 2016

Construction and Building Materials

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“…While provision for appropriate fire safety measures is a major design requirement in buildings, essentially no structural fire safety provisions for bridges exist [29]. More deatails can be found in Naser and Kodur [29] and Garlock et al [30].…”

Section: Bridge Performance Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condition Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridges: Current Practice and Research Challenges

Touzani

Nehdi

2018

Infrastructures

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Abstract:One quarter of bridges in Canada and the United States need repair. The present study provides a critical overview of the state-of-the-art existing condition assessment techniques for reinforced concrete bridges, with an emphasis on current practice in North America. The techniques were classified into five categories, including visual inspection, load testing, non-destructive evaluation, structural health monitoring, and finite element modelling. The potential applications of these technologies are discussed and compared, highlighting their primary advantages and limitations. The review revealed that quantitative assessment could be effectively achieved using several complementary technologies. It is shown that there is need for concerted research efforts to achieve automated data collection and interpretation analyses. Also, the configuration of monitoring systems was found to be paramount in effectively assessing bridge performance parameters of interest. The study suggests appropriate investigation methods for some bridge deterioration mechanisms. Knowledge gaps and challenges in this field are outlined in order to motivate further research and development of these technologies.

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“…The use of the hydrocarbon curve instead of the standard ISO 834 curve is justified as the latter represents a fully developed fire in a compartment that might represent building fires but that does not match the conditions of bridge fires. These fires are mainly caused by overturning or crashing of tankers carrying petrol or some other kind of hydrocarbon [6] and they are typically developed in open spaces without any air supply limitation.…”

Section: Fire Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the construction process of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports

Galant¹,

Payá-Zaforteza²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

Engineering Structures

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The response of bridges subject to fire is an under researched topic despite the number of bridge failures caused by fire. Since available data shows that steel girder bridges are especially vulnerable to fire, this papers delves into their fire response by analyzing with a 3D numerical model the response of a typical bridge of 12.20 m. span length. A parametric study is performed considering: (1) two possibilities for the axial restraint of the bridge deck, (2) four types of structural steel for the girders (carbon steel and stainless steel grades 1.4301, 1.4401, and 1.4462), (3) three different constitutive models for carbon steel, (4) four live loads, and (5) two alternative fire loads (the hydrocarbon fire defined by Eurocode 1 and a fire corresponding to a real fire event). Results show that restraint to deck expansion coming from an adjacent span or abutment should be considered in the numerical model. In addition, times to collapse are very small when the bridge girders are built with carbon steel (between 8.5 and 18 minutes) but they can almost double if stainless steel is used for the girders. Therefore, stainless steel is a material to consider for steel girder bridges in a high fire risk situation, especially if the bridge is located in a corrosive environment and its aesthetics deserves special attention. The methodology developed in this paper and the results obtained are useful for researchers and practitioners interested in developing and applying a performance-based approach for the design of bridges against fire.

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Fire hazard in bridges: Review, assessment and repair strategies

Cited by 227 publications

References 24 publications

Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Elevated temperature material properties of stainless steel reinforcing bar

Condition Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridges: Current Practice and Research Challenges

Analysis of the construction process of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports

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