Fire behaviour of carbon fibre epoxy composite for aircraft: Novel test bench and experimental study

Tranchard, Pauline; Samyn, Fabienne; Duquesne, Sophie; Thomas, Matthieu; Estèbe, Bruno; Montes, Jean-Luc; Bourbigot, Serge

doi:10.1177/0734904115584093

Cited by 52 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…10 The energy balance on thermocouple bead is a combination of heat conduction between bead and wire and support; heat convection between bead and flame gas; radiation between bead, flame, and ambient wall as shown in Figure 18. The energy balance equation could be expressed as Equation 1.…”

Section: Appendix Radiation Correction For Temperature Measurement Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of the burner for FAA fire test: NexGen burner

et al. 2017

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Summary The NexGen (Sonic) burner is the new burner developed by the Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, to replace old oil burners used for the required fire certification tests on power plant‐related materials, as it provides the capability to control both air and fuel flow rates. During a fire test, the burner is supposed to simulate a certain fire condition, so the flame properties should be robust and repeatable. The NexGen burner can achieve this due to the precise fuel and air controls. However, the current calibration criterion (ISO2685:1998 and AC20‐135) may not be good enough to ensure consistent flame properties. In the presented work, the sensitivity of the burner performance to air and fuel flow rate, as measured by the temperature and heat flux for calibration purposes, was studied. Additionally, the influence of the turbulator and the thermocouple size used for flame calibration was also studied. The impact of varying fuel/air ratio and thermocouple sizes was studied by conducting fire tests on aluminum samples, to show the inadequacies in the current calibration standards.

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Section: Appendix Radiation Correction For Temperature Measurement Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of the burner for FAA fire test: NexGen burner

et al. 2017

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“…1, was used here. A similar approach was recently used by Tranchard et al to study aerospace composites [6] where the procedure was found to be compatible in terms of heat flux with the established test standard [3]. The cone calorimeter [7,8] has also been used to understand the processes that occur with intumescent PFP systems, but here the heat flux is generally limited by practical considerations to less than 100 kW/m 2 .…”

Section: T1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1270' propane burner, placed at 350 mm from the sample hot face. This type of entrainment mixing burner has been used previously for tests on composite materials in our research group [4,5] and also by Tranchard et al [6]. The propane pressure was adjusted to ensure that the burning gas temperature 10 mm in front of the sample hot face, was 1,000 ⁰C, corresponding to a heat flux of 100 kW/m 2 , using the heat flux calibration procedure described previously [4,5].…”

Section: Burner Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A propane burner test for passive fire protection (PFP) formulations containing added halloysite, carbon nanotubes and graphene

Gibson

Wan-Jusoh

Kotsikos

2018

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Passive fire protection materials (PFP) have been characterised quantitatively using a constant heat flux propane burner test, with the PFP attached to a steel substrate. The burner test was able to produce a large, constant heat flux, to simulate a severe fire condition. The heat transferred through the PFP was calculated from the temperature rise of the steel. A simplified model is discussed, to account for different combinations of substrate thickness, PFP thickness, heat flux and exposure time. It was found that, despite the complex processes of resin decomposition and intumescence, heat transmission could be modelled, to a reasonable approximation, by treating the PFP as a material with single point values of apparent thermal diffusivity and conductivity. This leads to an equation that can be used to characterise PFPs and indeed to specify their required thickness. The burner test was employed to interpret the effects of adding small quantities of three nano-materials: halloysite nanotubes (HNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), to a standard PFP formulation. It was found that HNT Q (J.m-2) cumulative heat flow into metal substrate.

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“…Luo et al [33][34][35][36] established a thermomechanical damage model and developed a finite element method using UMATHT and UMAT in ABAQUS, so as to resolve the thermal and mechanic equations for glass/phenolic compound materials withstanding high temperature and thermal radiative surroundings in consideration of the carbonization of sandwich composites, the decomposition of resins, the reduction of elastic modulus, and the delamination of panels and cores. Pauline et al [37][38][39] developed a 3D thermochemical model using SAMCEF software to forecast the temperature contour, the mass loss and the pyrolysis front of a carbon fiber epoxy resin compound laminate (T700/M21 compound material) exposed to high temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Thermal Behavior of Glass Fiber/Phenolic Composites Exposed to Heat Flux on One Side

Wang

Han

et al. 2020

Materials

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A 3D thermal response model is developed to evaluate the thermal behavior of glass fiber/phenolic composite exposed to heat flux on one side. The model is built upon heat transfer and energy conservation equations in which the heat transfer is in the form of anisotropic heat conduction, absorption by matrix decomposition, and diffusion of gas. Arrhenius equation is used to characterize the pyrolysis reaction of the materials. The diffusion equation for the decomposition gas is included for mass conservation. The temperature, density, decomposition degree, and rate are extracted to analyze the process of material decomposition, which is implemented by using the UMATHT (User subroutine to define a material’s thermal behavior) and USDFLD (User subroutine to redefine field variables) subroutines via ABAQUS code. By comparing the analysis results with experimental data, it is found that the model is valid to simulate the evolution of a glass fiber/phenolic composite exposed to heat flux from one side. The comparison also shows that longer time is taken to complete the pyrolysis reaction with increasing depth for materials from the numerical simulation, and the char region and the pyrolysis reaction region enlarge further with increasing time. Furthermore, the decomposition degree and temperature are correlated with depths, as well as the peak value of decomposition rate and the time to reach the peak value.

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Fire behaviour of carbon fibre epoxy composite for aircraft: Novel test bench and experimental study

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

Experimental study of the burner for FAA fire test: NexGen burner

Experimental study of the burner for FAA fire test: NexGen burner

A propane burner test for passive fire protection (PFP) formulations containing added halloysite, carbon nanotubes and graphene

Simulation of Thermal Behavior of Glass Fiber/Phenolic Composites Exposed to Heat Flux on One Side

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