Fire behavior of halogen-free flame retardant electrical cables with the cone calorimeter

Meinier, Romain; Rodolphe, Sonnier; Zavaleta, Pascal; Suard, Sylvain; Ferry, Laurent

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.027

Cited by 104 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The HFFR cable‐type which filled the three overhead cable trays for CFS‐6, CFS‐7, and CORE‐6 tests, is named cable A, and the HFR cable‐type for CFS‐5 test, is called cable B. Cables A and B are control cables found in NPPs and contain four and three main constituent parts, respectively (Figure ). Cable A contains poly (ethylene/vinyl acetate) (EVA) and polyethylene (PE) as polymeric materials and alumina trihydrate (ATH) as HFFR . Cable B contains plasticized PVC as polymeric material and other loads such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) .…”

Section: Description Of the Fire Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire spread from an open‐doors electrical cabinet to neighboring targets in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility

2018

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Summary Electrical cabinet fire is one of the main fire hazards in nuclear power plants. As part of the OECD PRISME‐2 programme, four fire tests were carried out to investigate the fire spread from an open‐doors electrical cabinet to overhead cable trays and adjacent cabinets in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility. These tests, named CFS‐5 to CFS‐7 and CORE‐6, used same both cabinet (fire source) and three overhead cable trays. The trays were filled with a halogenated flame‐retardant cable‐type for CFS‐5 and one halogen‐free for the three other tests. Moreover, fire dampers were used for CFS‐7 test while CORE‐6 test implemented two additional cabinets adjacent to the fire source. Measurements such as flame and gas temperature, gas concentration, mass loss rate, and heat release rate were performed for investigating the fire spread. Cabinet fire spread to the cable trays for CFS‐5 and CFS‐6 tests. Three fast and short cable tray fires were shown for CFS‐5, while a slow and long cable tray fire was highlighted for CFS‐6. In contrast, the fire dampers shutdown for CFS‐7 test prevented ignition of the overhead cables. Furthermore, for CORE‐6 test, cabinet fire spread to the adjacent cabinets, but the upper cables were not ignited.

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Section: Description Of the Fire Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire spread from an open‐doors electrical cabinet to neighboring targets in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility

2018

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“…The CFSS‐2 test involves a cable‐type used as control cable in NPPs. This cable‐type contains poly (ethylene/vinyl acetate) (EVA) and polyethylene (PE) as polymeric materials and aluminum tri‐hydrate (ATH) as halogen free flame retardant (HFFR) . Its diameter is 20.0 mm, and its mass per unit length is about 570 kg/km.…”

Section: Simulation Of the Cfss‐2 Fire Test (Cable Tray Fire In Open mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main materials, reacting to thermal stress, identified by chemical analyses, are the PE and the poly (ethylene/EVA) copolymer (PE/EVA) and ATH. The mass fraction of these components has been determined as follows: 40% PE/EVA, 60% ATH …”

Section: Simulation Of the Cfss‐2 Fire Test (Cable Tray Fire In Open mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cable tray FIRE tests simulations in open atmosphere and in confined and mechanically ventilated compartments with the CALIF3S/ISIS CFD software

2018

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Summary Fire hazard in nuclear power plants (NPPs) is particularly often investigated as potential cause of safety equipment failure and confinement loss. Many fire events recorded in NPPs involve electric cables, widely used throughout facilities. IRSN is developing the CALIF3S/ISIS computational fluid dynamics software devoted to fire simulation in large‐scale confined and mechanically ventilated compartments. This paper presents two aspects of the CALIF3S/ISIS code ability to simulate fires. The first one concerns vertical and horizontal spreading of a cable tray fire in open atmosphere using an approach based on the FLASH‐CAT cable fire spread model. Resorting to the suitable parameters of the FLASH‐CAT model based on video fire analyses of tests enables to properly compute the heat release rate of the fire. The second aspect concerns the ability to simulate the evolution and consequences of fires in confined and mechanically ventilated compartments. For these cases, the heat release rate measured during the corresponding experiment is used as input data for the calculations. The predicted evolutions of pressure or gas temperatures are in relatively good accordance with the experiments. The major discrepancy concerns gas concentrations in the fire room which is attributed to a lack of information about the properties of the fuel material.

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“…In the cable industry, mineral hydroxide flame retardants (FRs), for instance aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide (MH), and natural brucite with such advantages as environmentally friendly, nontoxic, widely distribution, and inexpensive, became very prevalent and marketable in flame‐retardant ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) composites . In particular, natural brucite, as a unique mineral that contains more than 94 wt% MH, can be used as economic FR directly .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of natural basalt fiber for EVA composites with nickel alginate‐brucite based flame retardant on improving fire safety and mechanical properties

Wang

Shi

Pan

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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The natural basalt fiber (BF) was incorporated into EVA composites with environmental‐friendly nickel alginate‐brucite based flame retardant (NiFR), to further improve the flame‐retardant effect and mechanical properties. The flame retardancy of EVA composites were characterized by LOI, UL 94, and cone test. With 55 wt% loading, 3BF/52NiFR had the highest LOI value of 31.9 vol.% in all fiber reinforced composites and pass UL 94V‐0 ratting. And comparing to 55B composite with untreated brucite, 3BF/52NiFR decreased peak of heat release rate by 47.8%, total heat release by 21.9%, and total smoke production by 35.5% and kept more residue 54.0% during cone test. Moreover, 3BF/52NiFR also enhanced the mechanical properties of composites by better compatibility with EVA matrix. BF/NiFR exert synergistic flame‐retardant effect major in promoting charring effect in condensed phase during combustion. The fire‐resisted and rigid BF into the char layer reinforced the intensity of protective barrier which prolonged the residence time of pyrolysis carbonaceous groups degraded from EVA matrix, resulting in less heat and smoke release.

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Fire behavior of halogen-free flame retardant electrical cables with the cone calorimeter

Cited by 104 publications

References 23 publications

Fire spread from an open‐doors electrical cabinet to neighboring targets in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility

Fire spread from an open‐doors electrical cabinet to neighboring targets in a confined and mechanically ventilated facility

Cable tray FIRE tests simulations in open atmosphere and in confined and mechanically ventilated compartments with the CALIF3S/ISIS CFD software

Effect of natural basalt fiber for EVA composites with nickel alginate‐brucite based flame retardant on improving fire safety and mechanical properties

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