Fire and mechanical properties of DGEBA-based epoxy resin cured with a cycloaliphatic hardener: Combined action of silica, melamine and DOPO-derivative

Bifulco, Aurelio; Parida, Dambarudhar; Salmeia, Khalifah A.; Nazir, Rashid; Lehner, Sandro; Stämpfli, Rolf; Markus, Hilber; Malucelli, Giulio; Branda, F.; Gaan, Sabyasachi

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108862

Cited by 86 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This finding was obtained, because only about 4 g MQAS was added. MQAS decomposition can produce melamine and a small amount of non‐flammable gases, such as, NH 3 and CO 2 31–33 . Refractory gases will dilute the combustible gases released during the degradation of the substrate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame‐retardant behavior and mechanism of theSBR/MMTcomposites modified by melamine matrix modifier

Cheng

Xuan

Tang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Melamine quaternary ammonium salt (MQAS), a novel flame‐retardant intercalation modifier, was used to prepare the flame‐retardant organic montmorillonite (FOSM), and which was added to SBR by a two‐roll mixing and molding process to prepared the SBR/FOSM composites. The synergistic flame‐retardant effects of sodium‐based montmorillonite (MMT) and MQAS were investigated by the various methods. The LOI value of SBR was only 19.1%, and FOSM‐4 increased the LOI value of SBR to 24.3%. The cone calorimetry test showed that compared with SBR, the total heat release and the peak heat release rate of SBR/FOSM were reduced by 81.39% and 86.08%, respectively. The analysis of MMT after modification showed that the grafting rate of MQAS was about 10% and the interlayer spacing of MMT was enlarged by about 20%. The synergy of MQAS and MMT not only effectively solves the violent droplet of pure SBR combustion, but also avoids the curling problem of only adding MMT. The char morphology and TG‐FTIR showed that FOSM had dual flame‐retardancy in the condensed phase and the gas phase. The synergistic flame‐retardant effect of phosphorus‐free flame‐retardant modifier and MMT will open up new possibilities for flame‐retardant elastomer composites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame‐retardant behavior and mechanism of theSBR/MMTcomposites modified by melamine matrix modifier

Cheng

Xuan

Tang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The charring ability of epoxy resins is well known; this is due to their degradation path that occurs mainly through a carbonization process (i.e., dehydration reactions) [32]. The production of acid species from the thermal decomposition of ester functional groups in the final products may promote the carbonization process, through dehydration reactions occurring between acid compounds and the epoxy resin [2,[33][34][35]. The use of an anhydride curing agent may strongly contribute to boost the char formation in the boundary layer (i.e., charring region), with respect to an aliphatic amino system [15].…”

Section: Flame Retardant Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and Fire Behavior of a Bio-Based Epoxy/Silica Hybrid Cured with Methyl Nadic Anhydride

et al. 2020

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Thermosetting polymers have been widely used in many industrial applications as adhesives, coatings and laminated materials, among others. Recently, bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned as raw material for polymeric products, due to its harmful impact on human health. On the other hand, the use of aromatic amines as curing agents confers excellent thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties to the final product, although they are toxic and subject to governmental restrictions. In this context, sugar-derived diepoxy monomers and anhydrides represent a sustainable greener alternative to BPA and aromatic amines. Herein, we report an “in-situ” sol–gel synthesis, using as precursors tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTS) to obtain bio-based epoxy/silica composites; in a first step, the APTS was left to react with 2,5-bis[(oxyran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)monomers, and silica particles were generated in the epoxy in a second step; both systems were cured with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). Morphological investigation of the composites through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the hybrid strategy allows a very fine distribution of silica nanoparticles (at nanometric level) to be achieved within a hybrid network structure for both the diepoxy monomers. Concerning the fire behavior, as assessed in vertical flame spread tests, the use of anhydride curing agent prevented melt dripping phenomena and provided high char-forming character to the bio-based epoxy systems and their phenyl analog. In addition, forced combustion tests showed that the use of anhydride hardener instead of aliphatic polyamine results in a remarkable decrease of heat release rate. An overall decrease of the smoke parameters, which is highly desirable in a context of greater fire safety was observed in the case of BOMF/MNA system. The experimental results suggest that the effect of silica nanoparticles on fire behavior appears to be related to their dispersion degree.

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“…Furthermore, a high diatomite content leads to dispersion of active molecules in the resin mixture, reducing reaction efficiency and consequently decreasing T g values of composites. However, it is noted that T g values of all composites under consideration are comparable to those of DGEBA-based composites with additives such as melamine, silica nanoparticles and a phosphorus-based compound developed for advanced thermo-mechanical and flame retardancy properties [47]. TGA was performed to study the influence of diatomite on the composite thermal decomposition.…”

Section: Rdge Composites With Diatomite Granules: Effects Of Diatomite Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual UV-Thermal Curing of Biobased Resorcinol Epoxy Resin-Diatomite Composites with Improved Acoustic Performance and Attractive Flame Retardancy Behavior

Nguyen

Vahabi

Anda

et al. 2021

Sustainable Chemistry

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This study has developed novel fully bio-based resorcinol epoxy resin–diatomite composites by a green two-stage process based on the living character of the cationic polymerization. This process comprises the photoinitiation and subsequently the thermal dark curing, enabling the obtaining of thick and non-transparent epoxy-diatomite composites without any solvent and amine-based hardeners. The effects of the diatomite content and the compacting pressure on microstructural, thermal, mechanical, acoustic properties, as well as the flame behavior of such composites have been thoroughly investigated. Towards the development of sound absorbing and flame-retardant construction materials, a compromise among mechanical, acoustic and flame-retardant properties was considered. Consequently, the composite obtained with 50 wt.% diatomite and 3.9 MPa compacting pressure is considered the optimal composite in the present work. Such composite exhibits the enhanced flexural modulus of 2.9 MPa, a satisfying sound absorption performance at low frequencies with Modified Sound Absorption Average (MSAA) of 0.08 (for a sample thickness of only 5 mm), and an outstanding flame retardancy behavior with the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 109 W/g and the total heat release of 5 kJ/g in the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) analysis.

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Fire and mechanical properties of DGEBA-based epoxy resin cured with a cycloaliphatic hardener: Combined action of silica, melamine and DOPO-derivative

Cited by 86 publications

References 41 publications

Flame‐retardant behavior and mechanism of theSBR/MMTcomposites modified by melamine matrix modifier

Flame‐retardant behavior and mechanism of theSBR/MMTcomposites modified by melamine matrix modifier

Thermal and Fire Behavior of a Bio-Based Epoxy/Silica Hybrid Cured with Methyl Nadic Anhydride

Dual UV-Thermal Curing of Biobased Resorcinol Epoxy Resin-Diatomite Composites with Improved Acoustic Performance and Attractive Flame Retardancy Behavior

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