“…Unmanned surface vehicle (USV) plays a vital role in antisubmarine warfare, mine countermeasures, environmental detection, water sampling, personnel search and rescue in the ocean, and so on. [1][2][3] An effective course keeping controller is essential for the highly autonomous USV in navigation. 4 Because of the complex, nonlinear, and uncertain characteristics of the ship, 5 coupled with the complex and changeable external navigation environment such as wind, wave, and currents, the course keeping problem becomes more complicated.…”