“…Through the BNs, the macro-behavior and micro-mechanism of complex systems are combined, which not only gives us methodological enlightenment to study complex systems, but also presents a novel approach to address the complexity issues in the real world, specifically in systems biology [15,1], chemistry [12], engineering [17], social networks [31], etc. Recently, the introduction of the semi-tensor product (STP) has led to significant advancements in addressing various theoretical challenges associated with BNs, such as disturbance decoupling [3], stability and stabilization [2,32,43,29,36], reachability [45,28], controllability [30,19,35], synchronization [48], optimal control [34,39,40] and other related problems [37,7,10].…”