Diquarks may play an important role in hadron spectroscopy, baryon decays, and color superconductivity. We investigate the existence of diquark correlations in lattice QCD by considering systematically all the lowest energy diquark channels in a color gauge-invariant setup. We measure mass differences between the various channels and show that the positive parity scalar diquark is the lightest. Quark-quark correlations inside the diquark are clearly seen in this channel, and yield a diquark size of O 1 fm. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.222002 PACS numbers: 12.38.Gc, 11.15.Ha, 12.38.Aw Diquarks were originally proposed several decades ago [1] as a natural way to explain the absence of a large number of exotics otherwise predicted by QCD. Recently, it has been realized that they provide a natural explanation for an exotic baryon antidecuplet, the [2], that cannot be accommodated in the quark model. The first evidence for the was reported by the LEPS Collaboration [3], but subsequent experiments cast doubts on its existence [4]. Independently of whether a pentaquark exists or not, diquark correlations may play an important role in the description of quark distributions and fragmentation functions and in explaining the systematics of nonleptonic weak decays of light quark hadrons [5]. In addition, diquarks are the central ingredient of cold, dense matter where they condense to form a color superconductor. Despite their potential role in explaining such a variety of phenomena in hadronic physics, quantitative analyses that can directly assess whether diquark correlations are present in QCD are lacking. Lattice QCD is the method of choice for studying hadronic states. However, diquarks are colored objects and need an appropriate formalism to study them using lattice simulations. One way is to fix the gauge as done in an early study on the mass of the diquarks [6]. In this work we present a gauge-invariant formalism, where we create color singlet states by considering diquarks in the background of a static quark [7,8]. This enables us to extract mass differences between baryons containing diquarks in the various channels. These mass differences, unlike diquark masses themselves, are well defined and gauge invariant.One gluon exchange indicates quark-quark attraction in the color antitriplet 3 c , flavor antisymmetric 3 f , and spin singlet positive parity channel. Diquarks in this channel are referred to as ''good'' diquarks [5]. The aim of this work is to check whether QCD dynamics supports attraction in this channel and compare it with other diquark channels. Possible diquark configurations are created by two quark operators and insertions of the covariant derivative. In this work we consider only diquark configurations with no derivatives because these are lower in energy. We therefore consider all 16 diquark multiplets that can be created by operators bilinear in the quark fields of the form q T Cÿq with C i 0 2 the charge conjugation operator, and ÿ 1, , 5 , 5 , . The positive parity channels are q T C 5 q and q...