“…So far, numerical simulations for AM processes, especially for DED, were conducted using either commercial FEM software, e.g., ANSYS (Tan et al, 2020), COMSOL Multiphysics® (Nie et al, 2021), and Abaqus (Kiran et al, 2020), or open-source/inhouse developed codes, e.g., Cast3M (Chergui 2021), Lagamine (Jardin et al, 2020;Tran et al, 2017), SIERRA (Stender et al, 2018). The usefulness of the former software group is well-established in the literature.…”