Finite Element Methods in Smart Materials and Polymers

Abstract

Functional polymers show unique physical and chemical properties, which can manifest as dynamic responses to external stimuli such as radiation, temperature, chemical reaction, external force, and magnetic and electric fields [...]

4D printing: Technological developments in robotics applications

“…The incorporation of SMMs in the printing process resulted in the transition from 3DP to 4DP with the integration of robotics [163]. 4DP is possible only due to the unique features of these materials, including shape restoration or one-way time dependent deformation upon exposure to external or internal stimuli [131], [164], [165]. These materials inherently memorize and retain their programmed shape in response to specific stimuli.…”