“…The incorporation of SMMs in the printing process resulted in the transition from 3DP to 4DP with the integration of robotics [163]. 4DP is possible only due to the unique features of these materials, including shape restoration or one-way time dependent deformation upon exposure to external or internal stimuli [131], [164], [165]. These materials inherently memorize and retain their programmed shape in response to specific stimuli.…”