SUMMARYWe use Rice's path-independent J integral, as well as its dual, the I * integral, to estimate lower and upper bounds of the stress intensity factor K in linear elastic fracture mechanics problems.The elements used contain rotational degrees of freedom, and are derived from the correct energy principles to guarantee path independence of the integrals. That is, the displacement-based elements used in calculating the J integral are derived from the principle of potential energy; the assumed stress elements used in calculating the I * integral are derived from complementary energy principles.For lower bound estimation in particular, elements with drilling degrees of freedom are advantageous, due to their superior accuracy.Numerical results are presented for isotropic and orthotropic mode I and mode II fracture mechanics problems. In addition, we reflect on suitable finite element integration schemes, and applicable values for the problem dependent penalty parameter which is used in deriving the elements.