“… - Flow typically varies across the transporting medium and thus three spacial dimensions are required for a full description of advection to include, for example, shear-induced Taylor diffusion and the effect of the Womersley number. The bond graph approach can be used to model three-dimensional fluid flow [ 37 ]; however, as discussed by Safaei et al [ 16 , 17 ], practical full-body haemodynamic models require both one- and three-dimensional flow models; moreover, one-dimensional models can provide boundary conditions for three-dimensional models [ 38 ]. This paper focuses on modelling advection in the one-dimensional case using lumped (zero-dimensional) approximations, but future work could be directed to including advection within the three-dimensional case.
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