“…Controlling the crash response of the vehicle without any encroachment into the survival space are the main elements of vehicle safety (Du Bois et al, 2004;Kamal & Rahman, 2012;Kamal, Rahman, & Sani, 2013). Many researchers (Ahmad, Nagel, & Thambiratnam, 2013;Ahmad & Thambiratnam, 2009;Rahman, Ariffin, Abdullah, & Jamaludin, 2007;Rahman, Ariffin, Jamaludin, Abdullah, & Noor, 2008) have been employing the finite element method to enhance the safety level of vehicles in the event of impact.…”