Finite element analysis of the control of interface shape in Bridgman crystal growth

On the effects of furnace gradients on interface shape during the growth of cadmium zinc telluride in EDG furnaces

“…Naumann and Lehoczky [8] illustrated the effect of unequal melt and crystal thermal conductivities on the shape and position of the melt/crystal interface. Chin and Carlson [9] also showed that interface curvature was very sensitive to the ratio of crystal to melt conductivities.…”

Development of model-based control for Bridgman crystal growth

“…Batur et al [1,2] designed a transparent furnace which allowed for the direct observation of the melt-crystal interface, and this information was subsequently used to control the furnace temperature profile. Additional related work by Seidensticker [3] and Chin [4] investigated the effects of temperature boundary conditions on interface shape and discuss their applicability to a control algorithm. These open-loop simulations, however, are a only first step in tackling the problem of controlling Bridgman growth.…”

Control of growth interface shape using vibroconvective stirring applied to vertical Bridgman growth

“…A number of factors have been shown to influence the crystal-melt interface shape including the thermal conductivities of the melt, crystal, and crucible, the axial and radial furnace gradients, the growth rate, and the convection in the melt [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Although each of these factors is important, melt convection is the main topic of this paper.…”

“…The macroscopic crystal-melt interface shape is important in directional solidification processes because it strongly influences the generation and propagation of defects during growth as well as the radial compositional uniformity of the crystal [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Defects tend to propagate normal to the growth interface, so that defects will tend to grow into crystals with interfaces concave with respect to the melt and out of crystals with convex interfaces.…”