Abstract:This study describes a finite element method (FEM) based deformation simulation procedure for a power take off (PTO) shaft in an agricultural tractor. The agricultural tractor is a mobile power source in agricultural fields. The Agricultural tractor transmits power to the working implement through several systems independently. Most especially, rotary elements used in agricultural machinery take the required power and movement from the tractor take off (PTO) shaft. During this operation, the PTO shaft experien… Show more
“…Chawla et al 65 found a difference of ∼1.02% between the analytical solution and the experimental work, and a difference of 1.05% between the FE method results and the experimental results. Celik et al 69 found a closeness of ∼7% between the % FEM results and the experimental results. 70 It is generally known that the allowable relative difference ratio of the FEA approach should be less than 10%.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 69%
“…40 However, it should be noted that the variations between the experimental and simulation-based results may vary depending on the type of analysis, the level of geometry idealization, the FE model, and the boundary conditions created in an FEA. 69 When the experimental results and FEA results are compared, a ∼4% difference is found, as seen in Figures 31 and 32. This confirms that ANSYS results are particularly successful in 2D solution. Figure 31. Analytical, experimental, and FEM solution comparison for three-point bending test. Figure 32. Analytical, experimental, and FEM solution comparison for four-point bending test.…”
Thin-walled hollow shapes are of great interest in many industries with weight constraints, due to their availability, low price, and strength-to-weight ratio. This paper presents the development, calculation, and production of a thin-walled X-section beam design with a unique section geometry. This hollow X-section beam geometry is a beam that has been developed to use shape-connected jaws on the beam and to use less bolts and mounting elements, and to easily change the positions of the parts mounted on the beam. The bending strength of this unique beam section was investigated, and the fatigue damage of the beam was also handled with technological methods. Using both experimental stress measurements and finite element solution, the static and fatigue strength of the beam were calculated with computer-aided engineering software. The FEM solution was performed nonlinearly by defining the linear elastic and plasticity properties of the material. Validation studies were carried out in the laboratory using three-point and four-point bending tests. These traditional experiments were supported by strain gauge technology that measures strain with 0.05% accuracy. The weight and bending strength of the X-section beam were compared with the hollow section square beam. X-section beam (S355J0H) has 13% lower bending strength than 120 × 120 × 8 mm (S355J0H) beam; however, it is 37% lighter. ANSYS-analytical test results of difference are 3.95%, and ANSYS-experimental test results of difference are 0.85%. Experiments showed that a ∼22% increase in strength is found in these corners depending on the production method. The fatigue behavior of the X-section beam was determined with the nCode DesignLife software using validated FEM solutions and fatigue curves of the materials. X-section beam developed for shape–connected assembly systems can be used especially in the formation of chassis with its superior assembly ability and bending strength, increasing functionality, and production speed.
“…Chawla et al 65 found a difference of ∼1.02% between the analytical solution and the experimental work, and a difference of 1.05% between the FE method results and the experimental results. Celik et al 69 found a closeness of ∼7% between the % FEM results and the experimental results. 70 It is generally known that the allowable relative difference ratio of the FEA approach should be less than 10%.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 69%
“…40 However, it should be noted that the variations between the experimental and simulation-based results may vary depending on the type of analysis, the level of geometry idealization, the FE model, and the boundary conditions created in an FEA. 69 When the experimental results and FEA results are compared, a ∼4% difference is found, as seen in Figures 31 and 32. This confirms that ANSYS results are particularly successful in 2D solution. Figure 31. Analytical, experimental, and FEM solution comparison for three-point bending test. Figure 32. Analytical, experimental, and FEM solution comparison for four-point bending test.…”
Thin-walled hollow shapes are of great interest in many industries with weight constraints, due to their availability, low price, and strength-to-weight ratio. This paper presents the development, calculation, and production of a thin-walled X-section beam design with a unique section geometry. This hollow X-section beam geometry is a beam that has been developed to use shape-connected jaws on the beam and to use less bolts and mounting elements, and to easily change the positions of the parts mounted on the beam. The bending strength of this unique beam section was investigated, and the fatigue damage of the beam was also handled with technological methods. Using both experimental stress measurements and finite element solution, the static and fatigue strength of the beam were calculated with computer-aided engineering software. The FEM solution was performed nonlinearly by defining the linear elastic and plasticity properties of the material. Validation studies were carried out in the laboratory using three-point and four-point bending tests. These traditional experiments were supported by strain gauge technology that measures strain with 0.05% accuracy. The weight and bending strength of the X-section beam were compared with the hollow section square beam. X-section beam (S355J0H) has 13% lower bending strength than 120 × 120 × 8 mm (S355J0H) beam; however, it is 37% lighter. ANSYS-analytical test results of difference are 3.95%, and ANSYS-experimental test results of difference are 0.85%. Experiments showed that a ∼22% increase in strength is found in these corners depending on the production method. The fatigue behavior of the X-section beam was determined with the nCode DesignLife software using validated FEM solutions and fatigue curves of the materials. X-section beam developed for shape–connected assembly systems can be used especially in the formation of chassis with its superior assembly ability and bending strength, increasing functionality, and production speed.
“…Furthermore, the stress and strain analysis of the static simulation showed the most stressed areas where there are stress concentrations on the DPFA and areas of expected breaks. These two criteria are important to improve the future design of machinery parts and practical experiments [27,28]. For instance, the stress analysis shows the areas where strain gages can be attached for practical experiments to obtain soil resistance force and straininduced on the DPFA.…”
The optimal design of a subsoiler implement is a complex work that includes optimal design, material properties, structural reliability, random variables, soil properties, soil tillage equipment, and optimum safety measures. The main objectives of this study were to design and simulate the deep placement fertilizer applicator (DPFA) by using the finite element method (FEM). FEM simulation software was used to select the optimum material properties and improve the safety factor by considering a range of loads on DPFA. Three applied forces in a static simulation (4500, 5000 and 6000 N) were considered as were three application depths of fertilizers (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 m), to improve the safety measures of the design. The simulation results showed that the best material property for DPFA is the AISI 4135 QT carbon steel materials. This yields a high strength of 780MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 950 MPa (Young’s Modulus of 207 GPa and with Poisson’s Ratio of 0.33). The static simulation for 6000 N shows that the DPFA model had a maximum stress and strain of 379.9 MPa and 25.6×10−4 mm/mm respectively, with a contact pressure of 207 MPa, and a maximum displacement of 3.1 mm. The study results can provide theoretical and technical support for the development of agricultural tools, especially for DPFA in selecting optimum material properties and improving safety factors.
“…15,16 In the CAD process, design evolves with functionality, experience, and structural stress analysis. 17 Computer-aided engineering (CAE) finite element method software has been widely used. ANSYS software is the most comprehensive and widely used method; thus, it was adopted in this study.…”
In this study, the total algorithm of the strength-based design of the system for mass production has been developed. The proposed algorithm, which includes numerical, analytical, and experimental studies, was implemented through a case study on the strength-based structural design and fatigue analysis of a tractor-mounted sunflower stalk cutting machine (SSCM). The proposed algorithm consists of a systematic engineering approach, material selection and testing, design of the mass criteria suitability, structural stress analysis, computer-aided engineering (CAE), prototype production, experimental validation studies, fatigue calculation based on an FE model and experimental studies (CAE-based fatigue analysis), and an optimization process aimed at minimum weight. Approximately 85% of the system was designed using standard commercially available cross-section beams and elements using the proposed algorithm. The prototype was produced, and an HBM data acquisition system was used to collect the strain gage output. The prototype produced was successful in terms of functionality. Two- and three-dimensional mixed models were used in the structural analysis solution. The structural stress analysis and experimental results with a strain gage were 94.48% compatible in this study. It was determined using nCode DesignLife software that fatigue damage did not occur in the system using the finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental data. The SSCM design adopted a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) methodology for optimization with ANSYS. With the optimization solved from 422 iterations, a maximum stress value of 57.65 MPa was determined, and a 97.72 kg material was saved compared to the prototype. This study provides a useful methodology for experimental and advanced CAE techniques, especially for further study on complex stress, strain, and fatigue analysis of new systematic designs desired to have an optimum weight to strength ratio.
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