Fingolimod against endotoxin‐induced fetal brain injury in a rat model

Abstract

Antenatal maternal fingolimod therapy had fetal neuroprotective effects by alleviating preterm birth-related fetal brain injury with inhibitory effects on inflammation and apoptosis.

Molecular Effects of FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs on Glial Cells and Neurons of the Central Nervous System

“…In non-obese diabetes EAE mice, FTY720 administration resulted in the decreased expression of reactive A1 astrocytic factors (including manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), IL-6, CCL2, CXCL10, IL-1β, TNFα), and an upregulation of CXCL12 and IL-33 [65]. This effect of FTY720 on pro-inflammatory cytokines was confirmed in other rodent disease models [47,48,54,84,87,91]. Furthermore, the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro was also reduced following treatment with FTY720 in both human and rodent primary cells from fetal and adult origin [65,73,[92][93][94] as well as in an astrocytoma cell line [95], while only one study has reported no effect of FTY720 on IL-1β and CCL2 [96].…”

“…FTY720 reduced the number of cells positive for reactive A1 astrocytic markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100β) in multiple rodent models, including in a model of familial AD [45,51], cuprizone-induced demyelination [48], MS [50,61,82], Huntington's disease (HD) [84], Status epilepticus (SE) [54], and models of infection [85], stroke [86], ICH [47], Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling [56], and maternal inflammation [87] as well as wild-type rodents [88]. In contrast, FTY720-treated immortalized astrocytes displayed increased release of the astrocyte-secreted protein GM-CSF [89], whereas LPS-stimulated primary astrocytes decreased GM-CSF release following treatment with FTY720 [65].…”

The neuroprotective action of lenalidomide on rotenone model of Parkinson's Disease: Neurotrophic and supportive actions in the substantia nigra pars compacta

“…All brain samples, SNpc sections, were analyzed semiquantitatively as follows. Five different sections were examined in each sample, which then were scored from 0 to 3, according to the intensity (0, absence of staining; 1, slight; 2, medium, and 3, marked) [30]. After the routine microscopic examination, computer-assisted histomorphometric measurements and immunohistochemical scoring were obtained using an automated image analysis system (Olympus CX41, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).…”