Fines Classification Based on Sensitivity to Pore-Fluid Chemistry

Jang, Junbong; Santamarina, J. Carlos

doi:10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001420

Cited by 80 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Table provides geotechnical material properties of the end‐member sediments. For the electrical sensitivity analysis, measured liquid limits with 2 M‐brine and kerosene are corrected for the mass of precipitated salt and low specific gravity of kerosene (Jang & Santamarina, , ):

{{LL}_{brine}|}_{corr} = {LL}_{brine} \frac{1}{1 - c_{brine} \frac{{LL}_{brine}}{100}};

{{LL}_{normalk er}|}_{corr} = \frac{{LL}_{k er}}{G_{k er}};

{\frac{{LL}_{DW}}{{LL}_{brine}}|}_{corr} = \frac{{LL}_{DW}}{{LL}_{brine}} ((), 1 - c_{brine} \frac{{LL}_{brine}}{100});

{\frac{{LL}_{ke r}}{{LL}_{brine}}|}_{corr} = \frac{{LL}_{ke r}}{{LL}_{brine}} \frac{1 - c_{brine} \frac{{LL}_{brine}}{100}}{G_{k er}},

where c brine is the NaCl concentration of brine (0.1169 g of NaCl per 1 g of H 2 O for the 2 M‐brine used here) and G ker is the specific gravity of kerosene, 0.78 (from the manufacturer). The subscripts DW, brine, and ker denote deionized water, brine, and kerosene, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The subscript corr denotes the corrected liquid limit based on the water content rather than the fluid content. Figure a presents the corrected ratios from equations and and indicates how those ratios relate to the electrical sensitivity ( S E ), which is calculated using equation ; Jang & Santamarina, , ):

S_{E} = \sqrt{{({(|, \frac{{LL}_{DW}}{{LL}_{brine}})}_{corr} - 1)}^{2} + {({(|, \frac{{LL}_{normalk er}}{{LL}_{brine}})}_{corr} - 1)}^{2}} .

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This work is based on three types of experiments. Initially, electrical sensitivity studies suggested by Jang and Santamarina (, ) are applied to classify the end‐member fines in this study. The three pore fluids used for the electrical sensitivity test, deionized water, 2 M‐brine (2 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl, per liter of deionized water), and kerosene, are also used in the sedimentation and consolidation tests.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The models suggest that changes in pore fluid chemistry parameters such as ionic concentration and permittivity will affect the electrical interactions among particles that can form different types of fines clusters and fabrics (Bennett & Hulbert, ; Lambe & Whitman, ; Palomino & Santamarina, ; Pierre & Ma, ). As presented in this study, the clustering and fabric formation behavior of fines due to their sensitivity to pore fluid chemistry can be anticipated by the electrical sensitivity, S E , which can be measured with a series of liquid limit index property tests (Jang & Santamarina, , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Pore Fluid Chemistry on Fine‐Grained Sediment Fabric and Compressibility

et al. 2018

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Fines, defined here as grains or particles, less than 75 μm in diameter, exist nearly ubiquitously in natural sediment, even those classified as coarse. Macroscopic sediment properties, such as compressibility, which relates applied effective stress to the resulting sediment deformation, depend on the fabric of fines. Unlike coarse grains, fines have sizes and masses small enough to be more strongly influenced by electrical interparticle forces than by gravity. These electrical forces acting through pore fluids are influenced by pore fluid chemistry changes. Macroscopic property dependence on pore fluid chemistry must be accounted for in sediment studies involving subsurface flow and sediment stability analyses, as well as in engineered flow situations such as groundwater pollutant remediation, hydrocarbon migration, or other energy resource extraction applications. This study demonstrates how the liquid limit‐based electrical sensitivity index can be used to predict sediment compressibility changes due to pore fluid chemistry changes. Laboratory tests of electrical sensitivity, sedimentation, and compressibility illustrate mechanisms linking microscale and macroscale processes for selected pure, end‐member fines. A specific application considered here is methane extraction via depressurization of gas hydrate‐bearing sediment, which causes a dramatic pore water salinity drop concurrent with sediment being compressed by the imposed effective stress increase.

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{{LL}_{brine}|}_{corr} = {LL}_{brine} \frac{1}{1 - c_{brine} \frac{{LL}_{brine}}{100}};

{{LL}_{normalk er}|}_{corr} = \frac{{LL}_{k er}}{G_{k er}};

{\frac{{LL}_{DW}}{{LL}_{brine}}|}_{corr} = \frac{{LL}_{DW}}{{LL}_{brine}} ((), 1 - c_{brine} \frac{{LL}_{brine}}{100});

{\frac{{LL}_{ke r}}{{LL}_{brine}}|}_{corr} = \frac{{LL}_{ke r}}{{LL}_{brine}} \frac{1 - c_{brine} \frac{{LL}_{brine}}{100}}{G_{k er}},

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

S_{E} = \sqrt{{({(|, \frac{{LL}_{DW}}{{LL}_{brine}})}_{corr} - 1)}^{2} + {({(|, \frac{{LL}_{normalk er}}{{LL}_{brine}})}_{corr} - 1)}^{2}} .

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Pore Fluid Chemistry on Fine‐Grained Sediment Fabric and Compressibility

et al. 2018

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“…testing of fine-grained soil in its natural condition or of the homogeneous soil paste produced using wet (preferred) or dry sample preparation techniques), and the chemistry and pH of any water added to the soil sample in preparing the soil paste for testing (Jang & Santamarina, 2016), can also influence the deduced values of LL and PL. For instance, the LL and PL values measured for peats and other highly organic soils are invariably strongly dependent on these factors (Hanrahan et al, 1967;Hobbs, 1986;Yang & Dykes, 2006;Asadi et al, 2011;O'Kelly, 2015).…”

Section: Other Factors Influencing Deduced Atterberg Limit Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits: a review

2018

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This paper reviews the percussion-cup liquid limit, thread-rolling plastic limit (PL) and various fall-cone and other approaches employed for consistency limit determinations on fine-grained soil, highlighting their use and misuse for soil classification purposes and in existing correlations. As the PL does not correspond to a unique value of remoulded undrained shear strength, there is no scientific reason why PL measurements obtained using the thread-rolling and shear-strength-based fall-cone or extrusion methods should coincide. Various correlations are established relating liquid limit values deduced using the percussion-cup and fall-cone approaches. The significance of differences in the strain-rate dependency on the mobilised fall-cone shear strength is reviewed. The paper concludes with recommendations on the standardisation of international codes and the wider use of the fall-cone approach for soft to medium-stiff clays in establishing the strength variability with changing water content and further index parameters.

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Laboratory Strategies for Hydrate Formation in Fine‐Grained Sediments

Lei

Santamarina

2018

JGR Solid Earth

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Fine‐grained sediments limit hydrate nucleation, shift the phase boundary, and hinder gas supply. Laboratory experiments in this study explore different strategies to overcome these challenges, including the use of a more soluble guest molecule rather than methane, grain‐scale gas‐storage within porous diatoms, ice‐to‐hydrate transformation to grow lenses at predefined locations, forced gas injection into water saturated sediments, and long‐term guest molecule transport. Tomographic images and thermal and pressure data provide rich information on hydrate formation and morphology. Results show that hydrate formation is inherently displacive in fine‐grained sediments; lenses are thicker and closer to each other in compressible, high specific surface area sediments subjected to low effective stress. Temperature and pressure trajectories follow a shifted phase boundary that is consistent with capillary effects. Exo‐pore growth results in freshly formed hydrate with a striped and porous structure; this open structure becomes an effective pathway for gas transport to the growing hydrate front. Ice‐to‐hydrate transformation goes through a liquid stage at premelt temperatures; then, capillarity and cryogenic suction compete, and some water becomes imbibed into the sediment faster than hydrate reformation. The geometry of hydrate lenses and the internal hydrate structure continue evolving long after the exothermal response to hydrate formation has completely decayed. Multiple time‐dependent processes occur during hydrate formation, including gas, water and heat transport, sediment compressibility, reaction rate, and the stochastic nucleation process. Hydrate formation strategies conceived for this study highlight the inherent difficulties in emulating hydrate formation in fine‐grained sediments within the relatively short time scale available for laboratory experiments.

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Fines Classification Based on Sensitivity to Pore-Fluid Chemistry

Cited by 80 publications

References 64 publications

Impact of Pore Fluid Chemistry on Fine‐Grained Sediment Fabric and Compressibility

Impact of Pore Fluid Chemistry on Fine‐Grained Sediment Fabric and Compressibility

Use of fall cones to determine Atterberg limits: a review

Laboratory Strategies for Hydrate Formation in Fine‐Grained Sediments

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