Fine-tuning Food Safety Objectives and risk assessment

Havelaar, Arie H.; Nauta, Maarten; Jansen, Jaap T

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.09.012

Cited by 75 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…12 This review focuses on S. aureus and describes recent findings related to enterotoxin expression, formation and regulation in food environments, and ways in which risk assessment can be improved by in situ virulence data. In general, the enterotoxin(s) are formed during S. aureus multiplication in food, but new findings show that bacterial growth and enterotoxin production may be decoupled in food products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation ofStaphylococcus aureusenterotoxin in food environments and advances in risk assessment

et al. 2011

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation ofStaphylococcus aureusenterotoxin in food environments and advances in risk assessment

et al. 2011

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“…The more recent inclusion of the diarrheagenic E. coli on the NIAID Biodefense Research Priority Pathogens Category B list has also spurred efforts in countermeasure research directed at these organisms. Essentially, three approaches have been advocated, in- cluding therapeutic interventions (4,37), preventing the organisms from entering the food or water supply (17,20,33), and vaccination strategies aimed at protecting humans or eliminating the organisms from their major zoonotic reservoir, mainly cattle (18,21). In the present study, we have continued our research into the feasibility of producing a safe, chemically defined, and effective vaccine for protecting humans from the serious complications of EHEC infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Recombinant Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Conjugate Vaccine Protects Mice from Shigatoxemia

et al. 2005

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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis in humans and, in a subgroup of infected subjects, a more serious condition called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions arise because EHEC produces two antigenically distinct forms of Shiga toxin (Stx), called Stx1 and Stx2. Despite this, the production of Stx2 by virtually all EHEC serotypes and the documented role this toxin plays in HUS make it an attractive vaccine candidate. Previously, we assessed the potential of a purified recombinant Stx2 B-subunit preparation to prevent Shigatoxemia in rabbits. This study revealed that effective immunization could be achieved only if endotoxin was included with the vaccine antigen. Since the presence of endotoxin would be unacceptable in a human vaccine, the object of the studies described herein was to investigate ways to safely augment, in mice, the immunogenicity of the recombinant Stx2 B subunit containing <1 endotoxin unit per ml. The study revealed that sera from mice immunized with such a preparation, conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and administered with the Ribi adjuvant system, displayed the highest Shiga toxin 2 B-subunit-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers and cytotoxicity-neutralizing activities in Ramos B cells. As well, 100% of the mice vaccinated with this preparation were subsequently protected from a lethal dose of Stx2 holotoxin. These results support further evaluation of a Stx2 B-subunit-based human EHEC vaccine.The enterohemorrhagic group of Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes hemorrhagic colitis and, in anywhere from 5 to 15% of infected individuals, primarily very young and elderly subjects, a serious clinical complication called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) (8,23,45). HUS is characterized by a triad of clinical features, including hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and ultimately, acute renal failure. As well, in the most severe cases, various degrees of central nervous system involvement can become apparent. EHEC is also referred to as Shiga toxigenic E. coli because this organism expresses exotoxins that are biochemically related to the Shiga toxin (Stx) produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (43). Once EHEC has colonized the intestines, it is possible for Shiga toxins to be translocated into the submucosal compartment of the gut (3,19). From there, the toxins can be transported, possibly on the surface of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (23,46,47), to extraintestinal organs and tissues, primarily the kidneys, where Shiga toxinmediated damage to endothelial cells in the glomerular capillaries induces a cascade of microangiopathic events leading ultimately to HUS (45).The Shiga toxins produced by EHEC are classified into two families, Stx1 and Stx2, also commonly referred to as verotoxin or verocytotoxin 1 and 2, according to their genetic and antigenic relatedness to the prototypic Stx produced by S. dysenteriae. In this classification scheme, Stx1 is virtually identical to the prototypic S. dysenteriae Stx (3...

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“…annual number of cases). Nevertheless, Havelaar et al (2004) proposed the use of integrated public health measures. Specifically, they proposed the index "Disability Adjusted LifeYear" (DALY), which has been considered by WHO (2008) as the basis for the establishment of public health goals for the quality of drinking-water (Havelaar & Melse, n.d.).…”

Section: Appropriate Level Of Protection (Alop)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gastroenteritis, syndrome of Guillain-Barré, reactive arthritis and mortality caused by Campylobacter spp. ,Campylobacter thermophilus) (Havelaar et al, 2004). Other decisions such as the distinction between different population groups (e.g.…”

Section: Appropriate Level Of Protection (Alop)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ALOP is not the most adequate concept for developing and implanting the necessary control measurements throughout the food chain (Havelaar et al, 2004). The terms in which the ALOP is expressed do not form part of the "language" that the industry or other operators of the food chain use for food safety management (Gorris, 2005).…”

Section: Food Safety Objective (Fso)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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