Fine structure of neuromuscular junctions after nerve section and implantation of nerve in denervated muscle

Saito, Atushi; Zacks, Sumner I.

doi:10.1016/0014-4800(69)90056-2

Cited by 49 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It therefore seems likely that the folds are those remaining from the old end-plates, which are still present at this stage in denervated muscle (Miledi & Slater, 1968). Early in reinnervation small axon terminals indented the synaptic region at intervals, as has been previously described by Saito & Zacks (1969) and Lillman-Rauch (1971). At later stages, there was an increase in the area of contact between axons and muscle so that the appearance became similar to that of control end-plates.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Similar results are obtained when the nerve supply to a muscle is crushed or divided and sutured (Tello, 1907; Gutmann & Young, 1944;Csillik & Savay, 1959), although in these cases it has been suggested that the regenerating nerve is simply led to the old end-plates by growing down the endoneurial tubes of the peripheral nerve stump (Gutmann & Young, 1944). There is also histological evidence of reinnervation of endplates after implantation of the reinnervating nerve directly into the denervated muscle (Shukla & Aitken, 1963;Saito & Zacks, 1969), although many synapses are also found away from the old end-plate region, especially close to the site of the implant (Koenig, 1963;Guth & Zalewski, 1963; Gwyn & Aitken, 1966;Fex & Jirmanova, 1969); however, it is uncertain to what extent these ectopic end-plates are due to injury (Miledi, 1963) or atrophy of the muscle (Aitken, 1950;Saito & Zacks, 1969). In the present work, the site of synapse formation in spontaneously reinnervated mammalian muscles has been determined by electrophysiological, histological, and ultrastructural techniques and it has been shown that the end-plate regions of mammalian muscle fibres are preferentially reinnervated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the nerves to a mammalian muscle are cut and allowed to spontaneously reinnervate the muscle, it has been shown histologically tnat the nerves mainly form synapses either on or near the old end-plates (Shukla & Aitken, 1963;Iwayama, 1969;Saito & Zacks, 1969;LillmanRauch, 1971). Similar results are obtained when the nerve supply to a muscle is crushed or divided and sutured (Tello, 1907; Gutmann & Young, 1944;Csillik & Savay, 1959), although in these cases it has been suggested that the regenerating nerve is simply led to the old end-plates by growing down the endoneurial tubes of the peripheral nerve stump (Gutmann & Young, 1944).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The formation of synapses in reinnervated mammalian striated muscle

Bennett¹,

McLachlan²,

Taylor³

1973

The Journal of Physiology

118

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SUMMARY1. The hemidiaphragm of the adult rabbit has a single band of endplates running around the middle of the muscle. A study has been made of the formation of synapses during spontaneous reinnervation of this muscle, using histological, ultrastructural and electrophysiological techniques.2. Following spontaneous reinnervation, silver-stained nerve terminals were found in association with cholinesterase-stained end-plates only in the region of the muscle corresponding to the original innervation band. 3. The regenerated nerve terminals were observed with the electronmicroscope in positions overlying or adjacent to the old synaptic folds.4. Spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials and evoked synaptic potentials were recorded only in the middle of the muscle fibres after remnervation. 5. The growth of the regenerating axons was not oriented towards the end-plate zone but followed muscle fibres and blood vessels in random directions.6. It is concluded that, in adult mammalian striated muscle, the old end-plate region is preferentially reinnervated as a consequence of some special property of the muscle fibre at this site.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The formation of synapses in reinnervated mammalian striated muscle

Bennett¹,

McLachlan²,

Taylor³

1973

The Journal of Physiology

118

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“…If the nerves to a mammalian muscle are severed and then allowed to reinnervate the muscle, it is found histologically that synapses are formed preferentially in the old end-plate regions of individual muscle fibres in 332 M. R. BENNETT, A. G. PETTIGREW AND R. S. TAYLOR some experiments (Csillik & Savay, 1959;Iwayama, 1969;Saito & Zacks, 1969;Lulman-Rauch, 1971) and therefore the focal innervation pattern of the muscle fibres is restored, whilst in others synapses are formed both in the old end-plate zone and in other regions of the muscle (Aitken, 1950;Guth & Zalewski, 1963; Koenig, 1963;Gwyn & Aitken, 1966;Fex & Jirmanova, 1969;Saito & Zacks, 1969). It is uncertain then, if the normal innervation of mammalian muscle is restored on reinnervation or not.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The formation of synapses in reinnervated and cross‐reinnervated adult avian muscle

Bennett¹,

Pettigrew²,

Taylor³

1973

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. A study has been made of the formation of synapses in spontaneously reinnervated and cross-reinnervated anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of adult fowls.2. Denervated ALD and PLD muscle fibres have a uniform and high sensitivity to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh). During early reinnervation the sensitivity distribution to ACh of the ALD muscle fibres begins to return to normal before synaptic potentials can be evoked. The normal ACh sensitivity distribution of PLD muscle fibres is also restored after reinnervation. After cross-reinnervation of the ALD and PLD muscles the ACh sensitivity distribution of many of the muscle fibres is again restored to normal.3. Reinnervating and cross-reinnervating ALD nerve terminals showed a greater than normal degree of facilitation of transmitter release when a test impulse was applied at various intervals after a conditioning impulse. Cross-reinnervating PLD nerve terminals showed facilitation of transmitter release rather than the normal depression in a conditioningtest impulse sequence.4. The distribution of nerve terminals over the surface of spontaneously reinnervated and cross-reinnervated ALD and PLD muscle fibres has been determined from an examination of the sensitivity distribution to applied ACh, the graded versus all-or-none nature of the evoked potential and the distribution of cholinesterase stained synapses.5. The results suggest that the innervation pattern of individual ALD and PLD muscle fibres is restored both after spontaneous reinnervation and cross-reinnervation.

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“…Reconstruction requires the ingrowth of axons into denervated muscle and formation of new neuromuscular junctions. Insertion of peripheral nerves into a skeletal muscle results in the re-establishment of a certain number of neuromuscular junctions, as demonstrated by several other authors (Saito and Zacks 1969, Brunelli and Monini 1985, McNamara et al 1987, Mackinnon et al 1993, Brunelli and Brunelli 1998, Park et al 2000. In view of the anatomical structure of the neuromuscular junction with extensive branching of the nerve endings, our aim in group III was to establish a maximum number of neuromatous stumps within the muscle tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuronal regeneration in denervated muscle following sensory and muscular neurotization

et al. 2008

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Background and purpose Neurotization of denervated muscles has been shown to improve muscle bulk, but the neuronal regeneration response has not been compared previously in different surgical techniques of neurotization. Thus, using a rat model of experimental skeletal muscle denervation, we studied neuronal regeneration following sensory neurotization by two methods: sensory nerve to motor branch of muscle and direct sensory nerve implantation to muscle.Material and methods The lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle was denervated in 36 rats, of which the first 12 served as denervated controls. In the second group of 12, the sural nerve was anastomozed to the motor branch of the gastrocnemius muscle (sensory-tomotor nerve neurotization) and in the remaining 12 rats the sural nerve was split into 4 fascicles and embedded into 4 quadrants of the muscle (direct sensory nerve-tomuscle neurotization). Immunohistochemistry was used to examine nerve fibers in muscle containing the sensory neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), and general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5).Results Semiquantitative analysis showed that, compared to the control side, the number of nerve fibers on the experimental side was highest (p < 0.01) for group III (direct sensory nerve-to-muscle neurotization) for all 3 markers. The difference was 71%, 298%, and 254% for PGP 9.5, CGRP, and SP, respectively. Interpretation This method may be a good option for inducing neuronal regeneration in denervated muscles, and has therapeutic implications for prevention of atrophy of denervated muscles and as an adjunct for reconstruction of soft tissue defects.

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Fine structure of neuromuscular junctions after nerve section and implantation of nerve in denervated muscle

Cited by 49 publications

References 22 publications

The formation of synapses in reinnervated mammalian striated muscle

The formation of synapses in reinnervated mammalian striated muscle

The formation of synapses in reinnervated and cross‐reinnervated adult avian muscle

Neuronal regeneration in denervated muscle following sensory and muscular neurotization

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