1985
DOI: 10.1007/bf01287678
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Fine structure and cytochemistry of the nuclei of the primitive ciliateTracheloraphis crassus (Karyorelictida)

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Cited by 12 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…Although Loxodes spp. are found in the sister class to B. americanum (both in the Po-clade), Loxodes and its relatives have long been considered as “primitive” ciliates ( Raikov 1985 , 1994 ; Raikov and Karadzhan 1985 ; Orias 1991 ). This presumption arose from early studies that found that the somatic macronucleus is unable to divide (instead needing to be differentiated from a germline nucleus with each cell division; reviewed in Yan et al.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Although Loxodes spp. are found in the sister class to B. americanum (both in the Po-clade), Loxodes and its relatives have long been considered as “primitive” ciliates ( Raikov 1985 , 1994 ; Raikov and Karadzhan 1985 ; Orias 1991 ). This presumption arose from early studies that found that the somatic macronucleus is unable to divide (instead needing to be differentiated from a germline nucleus with each cell division; reviewed in Yan et al.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on this observation, Karyorelictea are the only group of ciliates to be described as paradiploid (i.e., nearly diploid) and their name (karyo = nucleus; relictea—relict) suggests a primitive state ( Kovaleva and Raikov 1978 ; Bobyleva et al. 1980 ; Raikov 1982 , 1985 ; Raikov and Karadzhan 1985 ; Yan et al. 2017 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Such high levels of amplification are also documented in the classes Spirotrichea and Phyllopharyngea, two lineages in which extensive fragmentation generates gene-sized chromosomes that are then amplified 1,000 fold or more (Huang and Katz 2014, Xu et al 2012). In contrast, Karyorelictea – the class sister to the Heterotrichea – are described as paradiploid (e.g ~2–2.5N; Raikov and Karadzhan 1985) while other ciliates such as Tetrahymena and Paramecium amplify their somatic genomes ~45 times and ~800 times, respectively (Eisen et al 2006, Duret et al 2008). Hence, ciliates contain a tremendous diversity of nuclear architectures, particularly among somatic macronuclear genomes.…”
Section: Synthesismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They persist only through 3–7 cell divisions as estimated from the percentage of degenerating macronuclei per cell in Loxodes magnus , while macronuclei appear to exist longer in Kentrophoros fistulosum (Raikov, 1985, 1994; Raikov and Kovaleva, 1996). In contrast, macronuclei in other ciliates divide by amitosis for many generations until conjugation occurs.…”
Section: Part Ii: Development Of Macronucleimentioning
confidence: 99%