Fine scale study of major and trace elements in the Fe-Mn nodules from the South China Sea and their metallogenic constraints

Guan, Yao; Ren, Yingzhi; Sun, Xiaoming; Xiao, Zhenglian; Wu, Zhongwei; Liao, Jianlin; Guo, Zhengxing; Yan, Wang; Huang, Yi

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2019.105978

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The Mn minerals in the SCS crusts and nodules are mainly disordered vernadite (d-MnO 2 ) with minor birnessite and buserite. This result suggests that the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules are mainly of hydrogenetic origin, with some Fe-Mn growth layers possibly affected by diagenesis (Guan et al, 2019).…”

Section: Mn-phase Minerals and Their Intraconversionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…As mentioned above, the SCS crusts and nodules are of hydrogenetic origin. Therefore, we propose that the SCS crusts and nodules have been exposed a suboxic environment (Guan et al, 2019), but the process may have been of short duration or not suboxic enough to affect their overall hydrogenetic signatures. According to Figure 6, the SCS crusts contain a low content of todorokite expect for HYD66-2.…”

Section: Mineral Composition and Depositional Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…those in the Baltic Sea (Grigoriev et al, 2013;Yli-Hemminki et al, 2016) and the California continental margin (Hein, 2005;Conrad et al, 2017). Several mineralogical and geochemical studies on the Fe-Mn crusts and nodules in the South China Sea (SCS) have also been carried out (Li and Zhang, 1990;Bao and Li, 1993;Lin et al, 2003;Zhang and Weng, 2005;Zhang et al, 2009;Wang and Zhang, 2011;Zhang et al, 2013;Zhong et al, 2017;Guan et al, 2017a;Guan et al, 2017b;Guan et al, 2017c;Guan et al, 2019;Jiang et al, 2019;Zhou et al, 2021;Konstantinova et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules are generally considered to have a hydrogenetic origin (Zhang et al, 2013;Guan et al, 2017b), but later studies also suggested major involvement from gas hydrate release (Zhong et al, 2017) and biogenesis (Jiang et al, 2019). Microzonal analysis revealed that the northern SCS nodules may have had a mixed hydrogenetic-diagenetic genesis (Guan et al, 2019;Zhong et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common growth structures include mottled, stacked, laminated, columnar and palisade structures. These structures are composed mainly of Fe-vernadite, todorokite (10 Å manganite), birnessite, amorphous Fe-oxides/hydroxides, quartz, and feldspars (Guan et al, 2017b;Guan et al, 2019). Zhong et al (2017) found that the northwestern SCS nodules contain large amount of pyrite, asbolite and apatite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nano-mineralogy and growth environment of Fe-Mn polymetallic crusts and nodules from the South China Sea

Ren

Guan²,

Sun³

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Fe-Mn polymetallic crusts and nodules from the South China Sea (SCS) consist of submarine ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) oxide precipitates, and represent important marine mineral resource with substantial economic and scientific research value. Previous studies on the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules were mainly focused on their bulk mineralogy and geochemistry, whilst research on their nanomineralogy is still lacking. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopic mapping, and in-situ micro X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were conducted on the nano-mineralogy of the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules. It is found that the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules consist mainly of layered/columnar/mottled nano-phase Fe-Mn minerals and detritus such as quartz, feldspar, and clays. Also, an independent Ti mineral phase has been documented, and the mineralogical analysis reveals the transformation from vernadite to birnessite and todorokite. Titanium forms colloidal minerals in seawater and precipitates into the crusts and nodules with other colloids, such as FeOOH and Si-Al. Vernadite and birnessite can be transformed to todorokite with stable structure under sub-oxic conditions. Therefore, the SCS polymetallic crusts and nodules were formed in a short period of sub-oxic environment and diagenetic process, and the transformation can influence the enrichment of Ni and other metals during the crust/nodule growth.

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Section: Mn-phase Minerals and Their Intraconversionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Mineral Composition and Depositional Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%