Fine-scale geographic variations of inflammatory bowel disease in France: Correlation with socioeconomic and house equipment variables

Abstract

The present study shows that geographic risk factors of CD in France are northern latitude, nonrural areas, and areas with poor sanitary house equipment. Among these factors the most important is northern latitude.

Mapping of inflammatory bowel disease in northern France: Spatial variations and relation to affluence

“…38 A recent French study confirmed that the incidence of CD was higher in northern than in southern France but also suggested an association with nonrural areas and areas with poor sanitary house equipment. 31 The discrepancy with our results is likely due to methodological differences. First, the study by Nerich et al 31 was based on the National Health Insurance (NHI), and more particularly on the 30 specified long-term illnesses database, while our study was population-based.…”

“…31 The discrepancy with our results is likely due to methodological differences. First, the study by Nerich et al 31 was based on the National Health Insurance (NHI), and more particularly on the 30 specified long-term illnesses database, while our study was population-based. It has been previously shown that using the NHI database may lead to an underestimation of cases, especially in young patients and patients with a high socioeconomic level.…”

Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: New insights from a French population-based registry (EPIMAD)

“…Ces modifications sont apparues autant dans le temps que dans l'espace et l'hétérogénéité spatiale de leur incidence est un des principaux arguments pour une cause environnementale à l'origine de ces pathologies (1,2). Plusieurs études ont été menées sur les modifications récentes temporelles ou spatiales de l'incidence des MICI (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Les taux les plus élevés sont traditionnellement rapportés en Europe du Nord et de l'Ouest et en Amérique du Nord alors qu'en Afrique, en Amérique du Sud et en Asie (incluant la Chine) (8) l'incidence des MICI a longtemps été notée comme faible.…”

Modeling geographic risk of complex congenital heart defects in Eastern Wisconsin

“…Some of these studies have deconstructed the geographic/place association into specific risk factors occurring in a south-to-north gradient. Nerich et al (2010) found urbanicity and poor sanitary house equipment (related to location) to be associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease, although northern latitude had an additional independent effect. Co-occurrence of multiple cardiovascular disease risks partially accounted for the increasing south-to-north/east distribution of cardiovascular disease in France (Cottel et al, 2000;Morris et al, 2003).…”

“…South-to-north gradients have been identified for a number of diseases or health indicators including multi- ple sclerosis (MS; Hogancamp et al, 1997;Fromont et al, 2010), inflammatory bowel disease (Nerich et al, 2006;Nerich et al, 2010), cardiovascular disease and stroke (Cottel et al, 2000;Morris et al, 2001;Morris et al, 2003), and perinatal mortality (Tromp et al, 2009). However, the assumption is that geographic gradients are underlaid by linked gradients with more plausible association with CHD occurrence.…”