Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Air Pollution and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): When Experimental Data Explains Epidemiological Facts

Abstract

Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that environmental exposures to air pollutants can increase prevalence of metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases. Among the risk factors, many studies have shown that air pollution, especially by fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or make diabetics more susceptible to other health complications. This chapter aimed to discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms evolved in susceptibility to cardiorespiratory PM 2.5 effects in T2DM subjects, as well as the enhancing effect of PM 2.5 exposure on development of T2DM. We discussed the pathophysiologic mechanisms of PM 2.5 exposure and T2DM based on pro−/anti-inflammatory balance, metabolic regulation, redox status, and heat shock response, reinforcing the complex nature of T2DM etiology and highlighting the PM 2.5 air pollution as a critical health problem.

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“…head tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary region 9,10 and cause several disorders like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and even cancer 7 Further it also causes Cardiopulmonary mortality and metabolic disorder like diabetes. 11,12 The deposition of particulate matter inside the human body depends on the duration of exposure to particulate matter in ambient air in addition to various other factors such as nostril shape, weight, age, gender, ventilation, and exercise level. 13 Inhalation of ultrafine particles deposited in the lungs can cause alveolar inflammation and several hematological disorders like coagulation of blood, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor, can not only cause cardiovascular diseases but can also cause inflammatory reactions.…”

The Reuse of Industrial By-Products for the Synthesis of Innovative Porous Materials, with the Aim to Improve Urban Air Quality

“…The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that long exposure to PM 2.5 can generate respiratory and cardiovascular problems [9]. PM is also responsible for diabetes [10], ischemic heart disease and respiratory infection [11]. Moreover, [12] has shown that PM deposition in the respiratory system is higher in the alveolar region followed by the nasal and tracheobronchial region.…”

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“…head tracheobronchial (TB) and pulmonary region 9,10 and cause several disorders like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and even cancer 7 Further it also causes Cardiopulmonary mortality and metabolic disorder like diabetes. 11,12 The deposition of particulate matter inside the human body depends on the duration of exposure to particulate matter in ambient air in addition to various other factors such as nostril shape, weight, age, gender, ventilation, and exercise level. 13 Inhalation of ultrafine particles deposited in the lungs can cause alveolar inflammation and several hematological disorders like coagulation of blood, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor, can not only cause cardiovascular diseases but can also cause inflammatory reactions.…”