Fine Particulate Matter and Parkinson Disease Risk Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Krzyzanowski, Brittany; Searles Nielsen, Susan; Turner, Jay R.; Racette, Brad A.

doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207871

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…“The magnitude of results for

, although statistically nonsignificant here, aligns fairly closely with our recent US Medicare-based study, 4 ” Nielsen adds. “Their research is also important because it provides one of the first looks at the association between lower levels of

and PD risk.” These lower levels frequently fell below the World Health Organization’s

air quality guideline of

(an annual average, reduced in 2021 from

).…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

Trafficking in Disease: More Evidence for Air Pollution–Parkinson’s Association

Nicole

2024

Environ Health Perspect

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“…“The magnitude of results for

and PD risk.” These lower levels frequently fell below the World Health Organization’s

air quality guideline of

(an annual average, reduced in 2021 from

).…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

Trafficking in Disease: More Evidence for Air Pollution–Parkinson’s Association

Nicole

2024

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The relationship remains to be quantified, and numerous factors, including the appropriate time lag between exposure and incidence and effects of migration, need to be addressed. Nonetheless, on the surface, the maps and similar ones [ 104 ] are concerning about a possible relationship, which requires further investigation.…”

Section: The Principal Causes Of Parkinson’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Parkinson’s Disease Is Predominantly an Environmental Disease

Dorsey,

Bloem

2024

JPD

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Parkinson’s disease is the world’s fastest growing brain disorder, and exposure to environmental toxicants is the principal reason. In this paper, we consider alternative, but unsatisfactory, explanations for its rise, including improved diagnostic skills, aging populations, and genetic causes. We then detail three environmental toxicants that are likely among the main causes of Parkinson’s disease— certain pesticides, the solvent trichloroethylene, and air pollution. All three environmental toxicants are ubiquitous, many affect mitochondrial functioning, and all can access humans via various routes, including inhalation and ingestion. We reach the hopeful conclusion that most of Parkinson’s disease is thus preventable and that we can help to create a world where Parkinson’s disease is increasingly rare.

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“…Those with contaminated water (e.g., from private wells) will be more likely to have body-first Lewy body disorders. Those experiencing vapor intrusion [ 143–145 ] or high levels of air pollution could be at risk for brain-first disorders, especially PD [ 92 ].…”

Section: The Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Body, the Brain, the Environment, and Parkinson’s Disease

Dorsey,

De Miranda,

Horsager

et al. 2024

JPD

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The brain- and body-first models of Lewy body disorders predict that aggregated alpha-synuclein pathology usually begins in either the olfactory system or the enteric nervous system. In both scenarios the pathology seems to arise in structures that are closely connected to the outside world. Environmental toxicants, including certain pesticides, industrial chemicals, and air pollution are therefore plausible trigger mechanisms for Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Here, we propose that toxicants inhaled through the nose can lead to pathological changes in alpha-synuclein in the olfactory system that subsequently spread and give rise to a brain-first subtype of Lewy body disease. Similarly, ingested toxicants can pass through the gut and cause alpha-synuclein pathology that then extends via parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways to ultimately produce a body-first subtype. The resulting spread can be tracked by the development of symptoms, clinical assessments, in vivo imaging, and ultimately pathological examination. The integration of environmental exposures into the brain-first and body-first models generates testable hypotheses, including on the prevalence of the clinical conditions, their future incidence, imaging patterns, and pathological signatures. The proposed link, though, has limitations and leaves many questions unanswered, such as the role of the skin, the influence of the microbiome, and the effects of ongoing exposures. Despite these limitations, the interaction of exogenous factors with the nose and the gut may explain many of the mysteries of Parkinson’s disease and open the door toward the ultimate goal –prevention.

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Fine Particulate Matter and Parkinson Disease Risk Among Medicare Beneficiaries

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Trafficking in Disease: More Evidence for Air Pollution–Parkinson’s Association

Trafficking in Disease: More Evidence for Air Pollution–Parkinson’s Association

Parkinson’s Disease Is Predominantly an Environmental Disease

The Body, the Brain, the Environment, and Parkinson’s Disease

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